Concept explainers
ercise 8.7 Penicillin, an important antibiotic (antibacterial agent), was discovered accidentally by the Scottish bacteriologist Alexander Fleming in 1928, although he was never able to isolate it as a pure compound. This and similar antibiotics have saved millions of lives that would otherwise have been lost to infections. Penicillin, like many of the molecules produced by living systems, is a large molecule containing many atoms. One type of penicillin, penicillin F, has the formula
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Chapter 8 Solutions
Introductory Chemistry: A Foundation
- Arrange the single covalent bonds within each set in order of increasing polarity. (a) CH, O H, NH (b) CH, BH, OH (c) CH, CCl, CI (d) CS, CO, CN (e) CLi, CB, CMgarrow_forwardIf a reaction occurs readily but has an endothermic heat of reaction, what must be the driving force for the reaction?arrow_forwardExplain the decomposition of nitroglycerin in terms of relative bond enthalpies.arrow_forward
- Which of the following compounds requires the most energy to convert one mole of the solid into separate ions? (a) MgO (b) SrO (c) KF (d) CsF (e) MgF2arrow_forward3-107 Ephedrine, a molecule at one time found in the dietary supplement ephedra, has been linked to adverse health reactions, such as heart attacks, strokes, and heart palpitations. The use of ephedra in dietary supplements is now banned by the FDA. (a) Which is the most polar bond in ephedra? (b) Would you predict ephedra to be polar or nonpolar?arrow_forwardConsider the reactions of silver metal, Ag(s), with each of the halogens: fluorine, F2(g), chlorine, Cl2(g), and bromine, Br2(l). What chapter data could you use to decide which reaction is most exothermic? Which reaction is that?arrow_forward
- Which compound in each of the following pairs of ionic substances has the most exothermic lattice energy? Justify your answers a. NaCl,KCI b. LiF,LiCl c.Mg(OH)2, MgO d. Fe(OH)2, Fe(OH)3arrow_forwardWhich bond is most likely to be the location of a chemical reaction: C=N, C¬C, or C¬H?arrow_forwardRank the following ionic compounds in order of lattice energy, from least exothermic to most exothermic: KCl, SrO, RbBr, CaOarrow_forward
- The four ions E+, M2+, X2−, and J− are all in the same period. Which two ions would most likely have the greatest lattice energy? M2+ and J− E+ and X2− E+ and J− M2+ and X2−arrow_forward1) What do you predict the average bond length and average bond energy values for the F-F bond based on the chart below? WIll it be higher than, lower than, or the same as the other bonds shown in the chart. Justify your answer. Bond Average Bond Length (PM) Average Bond Energy (KJ/MOLE) CL-CL 199 243 Br-Br 228 193 I-I 267 151 2) Explain how a stable covalent bond is formed in terms of attractive and repulsive forces. Note: Please briefly explain, Thank you.arrow_forwardThe average bond energy (enthalpy) for a C=C double bond is 614 kJ/molkJ/mol and that of a C−C single bond is 348 kJ/molkJ/mol. If it takes 4.42×10−19 J/molecule to break the C=C double bond. What is the longest wavelength λ of light that will provide photons of sufficient energy to break the π bond and cause the isomerization? Express your answer numerically in nanometers.arrow_forward
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