Campbell Biology In Focus - 2nd Edition - by Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece - ISBN 9780134203072

Campbell Biology In Focus
2nd Edition
Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman, Peter V. Minorsky, Jane B. Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
ISBN: 9780134203072

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Chapter 3 - Carbon And The Molecular Diversity Of LifeChapter 3.1 - Carbon Atoms Form Diverse Molecules By Bonding To Four Other AtomsChapter 3.2 - Macromolecules Are Polymers, Built From MonomersChapter 3.3 - Carbohydrates Serve As Fuel And Building MaterialChapter 3.4 - Lipids Are A Diverse Group Of Hydrophobic MoleculesChapter 3.5 - Proteins Include A Diversity Of Structures, Resulting In A Wide Range Of FunctionsChapter 3.6 - Nucleic Acids Store, Transmit, And Help Express Hereditary InformationChapter 3.7 - Genomics And Proteomics Have Transformed Biological Inquiry And ApplicationsChapter 4 - A Tour Of The CellChapter 4.1 - Biologists Use Microscopes And The Tools Of Biochemistry To Study CellsChapter 4.2 - Eukaryotic Cells Have Internal Membranes That Compartmentalize Their FunctionsChapter 4.3 - The Eukaryotic Cell's Genetic Instructions Are Housed In The Nucleus And Carried Out By The RibosomesChapter 4.4 - The Endomembrane System Regulates Protein Traffic And Performs Metabolic Functions In The CellChapter 4.5 - Mitochondria And Chloroplasts Change Energy From One Form To AnotherChapter 4.6 - The Cytoskeleton Is A Network Of Fibers That Organizes Structures And Activities In The CellChapter 4.7 - Extracellular Components And Connections Between Calls Help Coordinate Cellular ActivitiesChapter 5 - Membrane Transport And Cell SignallingChapter 5.1 - Cellular Membranes Are Fluid Mosaics Of Lipids And ProteinsChapter 5.2 - Membrane Structure Results In Selective PermeabilityChapter 5.3 - Passive Transport Is Diffusion Of A Substance Across A Membrane With No Energy InvestmentChapter 5.4 - Active Transport Uses Energy To Move Solutes Against Their GradientsChapter 5.5 - Bulk Transport Across The Plasma Membrane Occurs By Exocytosis End EndocytosisChapter 5.6 - The Plasma Membrane Plays A Key Role In Most Cell SignalingChapter 6 - An Introduction To MetabolismChapter 6.1 - An Organism's Metabolism Transforms Matter And EnergyChapter 6.2 - The Free-energy Change Of A Reaction Tells Us Whether Or Not The Reaction Occurs SpontaneouslyChapter 6.3 - Atp Powers Cellular Work By Coupling Exergonic Reactions To Endergonic ReactionsChapter 6.4 - Enzymes Speed Up Metabolic Reactions By Lowering Energy BarriersChapter 6.5 - Regulation Of Enzyme Activity Helps Control MetabolismChapter 7 - Cellular Respiration And FermentationChapter 7.1 - Catabolic Pathways Yield Energy By Oxidizing Organic FuelsChapter 7.2 - Glycolysis Harvests Chemical Energy By Oxidizing Glucose To PyruvateChapter 7.3 - After Pyruvate Is Oxidized, The Citric Acid Cycle Completes The Energy-yielding Oxidation Of Organic MoleculesChapter 7.4 - During Oxidative Phosphorylation, Chemiosmosis Couples Electron Transport To Atp SynthesisChapter 7.5 - Fermentation And Anaerobic Respiration Enable Cells To Produce Atp Without The Use Of OxygenChapter 7.6 - Glycolysis And The Citric Acid Cycle Connect To Many Other Metabolic PathwaysChapter 8 - PhotosynthesisChapter 8.1 - Photosynthesis Converts Light Energy To The Chemical Energy Of FoodChapter 8.2 - The Light Reactions Convert Solar Energy To The Chemical Energy Of Atp And NadphChapter 8.3 - The Calvin Cycle Uses The Chemical Energy Of Atp And Nadph To Reduce Co2 To SugarChapter 9 - The Cell CycleChapter 9.1 - Most Cell Division Results In Genetically Identical Daughter CellsChapter 9.2 - The Mitotic Phase Alternates With Interphase In The Cell CycleChapter 9.3 - The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle Is Regulated By A Molecular Control SystemChapter 10 - Meosis And Sexual Life CyclesChapter 10.1 - Offspring Acquire Genes From Parents By Inheriting ChromosomesChapter 10.2 - Fertilization And Meiosis Alternate In Sexual Life CycleChapter 10.3 - Meiosis Reduces The Number Of Chromosome Sets From Diploid To HaploidChapter 10.4 - Genetic Variation Produced In Sexual Life Cycles Contributes To EvolutionChapter 11 - Mendel And The Gene IdeaChapter 11.1 - Mendel Used The Scientific Approach To Identify Two Laws Of InheritanceChapter 11.2 - Probability Laws Govern Mendelian InheritanceChapter 11.3 - Inheritance Patterns Are Often More Complex Than Predicted By Simple Mendelian GeneticsChapter 11.4 - Many Human Traits Follow Mendelian Patterns Of InheritanceChapter 12 - The Chromosomal Basis Of InheritenceChapter 12.1 - Morgan Showed That Mendelian Inheritance Has Its Physical Basis In The Behavior Of Chromosomes: Scientific InquiryChapter 12.2 - Sex-linked Genes Exhibit Unique Patterns Of InheritanceChapter 12.3 - Linked Genes Tend To Be Inherited Together Because They Are Located Near Each Other On The Same ChromosomeChapter 12.4 - Alterations Of Chromosome Number Or Structure Cause Some Genetic DisordersChapter 13 - The Molecular Basis Of InheritenceChapter 13.1 - Dna Is The Genetic MaterialChapter 13.2 - Many Proteins Work Together In Dna Replication And RepairChapter 13.3 - A Chromosome Consists Of A Dna Molecule Packed Together With ProteinsChapter 13.4 - Understanding Dna Structure And Replication Makes Genetic Engineering PossibleChapter 14 - Gene Expression: From Gene To ProteinChapter 14.1 - Genes Specify Proteins Via Transcription And TranslationChapter 14.2 - Transcription Is The Dna-directed Synthesis Of Rna: A Closer LookChapter 14.3 - Eukaryotic Cells Modify Rna After TranscriptionChapter 14.4 - Translation Is The Rna-directed Synthesis Of A Polypeptide: A Closer LookChapter 14.5 - Mutations Of One Or A Few Nucleotides Can Affect Protein Structure And FunctionChapter 15 - Regulation Of Gene ExpressionChapter 15.1 - Bacteria Often Respond To Environmental Change By Regulating TranscriptionChapter 15.2 - Eukaryotic Gene Expression Is Regulated At Many StagesChapter 15.3 - Noncoding Rnas Play Multiple Roles In Controlling Gene ExpressionChapter 15.4 - Researchers Can Monitor Expression Of Specific GenesChapter 16 - Development, Stem Cells, And CancerChapter 16.1 - A Program Of Differential Gene Expression Leads To The Different Cell Types In A Multicellular OrganismChapter 16.2 - Cloning Of Organisms Showed That Differentiated Cells Could Be "reprogrammed" And Ultimately Led To The Production Of Stem CellsChapter 16.3 - Abnormal Regulation Of Genes That Affect The Cell Cycle Can Lead To CancerChapter 17 - VirusesChapter 17.1 - A Virus Consists Of A Nucleic Acid Surrounded By A Protein CoatChapter 17.2 - Viruses Replicate Only In Host CellsChapter 17.3 - Viruses And Prions Are Formidable Pathogens In Animals And PlantsChapter 18 - Genomes And Their EvolutionChapter 18.1 - The Human Genome Project Fostered Development Of Faster, Less Expensive Sequencing TechniquesChapter 18.2 - Scientists Use Bioinformatics To Analyze Genomes And Their FunctionsChapter 18.3 - Genomes Vary In Size, Number Of Genes, And Gene DensityChapter 18.4 - Multicellular Eukaryotes Have Much Noncoding Dna And Many Multigene FamiliesChapter 18.5 - Duplication, Rearrangement, And Mutation Of Dna Contribute To Genome EvolutionChapter 18.6 - Comparing Genome Sequences Provides Clues To Evolution And DevelopmentChapter 19 - Descent With ModificationChapter 19.1 - The Darwinian Revolution Challenged Traditional Views Of A Young Earth Inhabited By Unchanging SpeciesChapter 19.2 - Descent With Modification By Natural Selection Explains The Adaptations Of Organisms And The Unity And Diversity Of LifeChapter 19.3 - Evolution Is Supported By An Overwhelming Amount Of Scientific EvidenceChapter 20 - PhylogenyChapter 20.1 - Phylogenies Show Evolutionary RelationshipsChapter 20.2 - Phylogenies Are Inferred From Morphological And Molecular DataChapter 20.3 - Shared Characters Are Used To Construct Phylogenetic TreesChapter 20.4 - Molecular Clocks Help Track Evolutionary TimeChapter 20.5 - New Information Continues To Revise Our Understanding Of Evolutionary HistoryChapter 21 - The Evolution Of PopulationsChapter 21.1 - Genetic Variation Makes Evolution PossibleChapter 21.2 - The Hardy-weinberg Equation Can Be Used To Test Whether A Population Is EvolvingChapter 21.3 - Natural Selection, Genetic Drift, And Gene Flow Can Alter Allele Frequencies In A PopulationChapter 21.4 - Natural Selection Is The Only Mechanism That Consistently Causes Adaptive EvolutionChapter 22 - The Origin Of SpeciesChapter 22.1 - The Biological Species Concept Emphasizes Reproductive IsolationChapter 22.2 - Speciation Can Take Place With Or Without Geographic SeparationChapter 22.3 - Hybrid Zones Reveal Factors That Cause Reproductive IsolationChapter 22.4 - Speciation Can Occur Rapidly Or Slowly And Can Result From Changes In Few Or Many GenesChapter 23 - Broad Patterns Of EvolutionChapter 23.1 - The Fossil Record Documents Life's HistoryChapter 23.2 - The Rise And Fall Of Groups Of Organisms Reflect Differences In Speciation And Extinction RatesChapter 23.3 - Major Changes In Body Form Can Result From Changes In The Sequences And Regulation Of Developmental GenesChapter 23.4 - Evolution Is Not Goal OrientedChapter 24 - Early Life And The Diversification Of ProkaryotesChapter 24.1 - Conditions On Early Earth Made The Origin Of Life PossibleChapter 24.2 - Diverse Structural And Metabolic Adaptations Have Evolved In ProkaryotesChapter 24.3 - Rapid Reproduction, Mutation, And Genetic Recombination Promote Genetic Diversity In ProkaryotesChapter 24.4 - Prokaryotes Have Radiated Into A Diverse Set Of LineagesChapter 24.5 - Prokaryotes Play Crucial Roles In The BiosphereChapter 25 - The Origin And Diversification Of EukaryotesChapter 25.1 - Eukaryotes Arose By Endosymbiosis More Than 1.8 Billion Years AgoChapter 25.2 - Multicellularity Has Originated Several Times In EukaryotesChapter 25.3 - Four "supergroups" Of Eukaryotes Have Been Proposed Based On Morphological And Molecular DataChapter 25.4 - Single-celled Eukaryotes Play Key Roles In Ecological Communities And Affect Human HealthChapter 26 - The Colonization Of LandChapter 26.1 - Fossils Show That Plants Colonized Land More Than 470 Million Years AgoChapter 26.2 - Though Not Closely Related To Plants, Fungi Played A Key Role In The Colonization Of LandChapter 26.3 - Early Plants Radiated Into A Diverse Set Of LineagesChapter 26.4 - Seeds And Pollen Grains Are Key Adaptations For Life On LandChapter 26.5 - Plants And Fungi Fundamentally Changed Chemical Cycling And Biotic InteractionsChapter 27 - The Rise Of Animal DiversityChapter 27.1 - Animals Originated More Than 700 Million Years AgoChapter 27.2 - The Diversity Of Large Animals Increased Dramatically During The "cambrian Explosion"Chapter 27.3 - Diverse Animal Groups Radiated In Aquatic EnvironmentsChapter 27.4 - Vertebrates Have Been The Ocean's Dominant Predators For More Than 400 Million YearsChapter 27.5 - Several Animal Groups Had Features Facilitating Their Colonization Of LandChapter 27.6 - Amniotes Have Key Adaptations For Life In A Wide Range Of Terrestrial EnvironmentsChapter 27.7 - Animals Have Transfonned Ecosystems And Altered The Course Of EvolutionChapter 28 - Plant Structure And GrowthChapter 28.1 - Plants Have A Hierarchical Organization Consisting Of Organs, Tlssues, And CellsChapter 28.2 - Different Meristems Generate New Cells For Primary And Secondary GrowthChapter 28.3 - Primary Growth Lengthens Roots And ShootsChapter 28.4 - Secondary Growth Increases The Diameter Of Stems And Roots In Woody PlantsChapter 29 - Resource Acquisition, Nutrition, And Transport In Vascular PlantsChapter 29.1 - Adaptations For Acquiring Resources Were Key Steps In The Evolution Of Vascular PlantsChapter 29.2 - Different Mechanisms Transport Substances Over Short Or Long DistancesChapter 29.3 - Plant Roots Absorb Essential Elements From The SoilChapter 29.4 - Plant Nutrition Often Involves Relationships With Other OrganismsChapter 29.5 - Transpiration Drives The Transport Of Water And Minerals From Root To Shoots Via The XytemChapter 29.6 - The Rate Of Transpiration Is Regulated By StomataChapter 29.7 - Sugars Are Transported From Sources To Sinks Via The PhloemChapter 30 - Reproduction And Domestication Of Flowering PlantsChapter 30.1 - Flowers, Double Fertilization, And Fruits Are Unique Features Of The Angiosperm Life CycleChapter 30.2 - Flowering Plants Reproduce Sexually, Asexually, Or BothChapter 30.3 - People Modify Crops Through Breeding And Genetic EngineeringChapter 31 - Plant Responses To Internal And External SignalsChapter 31.1 - Plant Hormones Help Coordinate Growth, Development, And Responses To StimuliChapter 31.2 - Responses To Light Are Critical For Plant SuccessChapter 31.3 - Plants Respond To A Wide Variety Of Stimuli Other Than LightChapter 31.4 - Plants Respond To Attacks By Herbivores And PathogensChapter 32 - The Internal Envirionment Of Animals: Organization And RegulationChapter 32.1 - Animal Form And Function Are Correlated At All Levels Of OrganizationChapter 32.2 - The Endocrine And Nervous Systems Act Individually And Together In Regulating Animal PhysiologyChapter 32.3 - Feedback Control Maintains The Internal Environment In Many AnimalsChapter 32.4 - A Shared System Mediates Osmoregulation And Excretion In Many AnimalsChapter 32.5 - The Mammalian Kidney's Ability To Conserve Water Is A Key Terrestrial AdaptationChapter 33 - Animal NutritionChapter 33.1 - An Animal's Diet Must Supply Chemical Energy, Organic Building Blocks, And Essential NutrientsChapter 33.2 - Food Processing Involves Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, And EliminationChapter 33.3 - Organs Specialized For Sequential Stages Of Food Processing Form The Mammalian Digestive SystemChapter 33.4 - Evolutionary Adaptations Of Vertebrate Digestive Systems Correlate With DietChapter 33.5 - Feedback Circuits Regulate Digestion, Energy Allocation, And AppetiteChapter 34 - Circulation And Gas ExchangeChapter 34.1 - Circulatory Systems Link Exchange Surfaces With Cells Throughout The BodyChapter 34.2 - Coordinated Cycles Of Heart Contraction Drive Double Circulation In MammalsChapter 34.3 - Patterns Of Blood Pressure And Flow Reflect The Structure And Arrangement Of Blood VesselsChapter 34.4 - Blood Components Function In Exchange, Transport, And DefenseChapter 34.5 - Gas Exchange Occurs Across Specialized Respiratory SurfacesChapter 34.6 - Breathing Ventilates The LungsChapter 34.7 - Adaptations For Gas Exchange Include Pigments That Bind And Transport GasesChapter 35 - The Immune SystemChapter 35.1 - In Innate Immunity, Recognition And Response Rely On Traits Common To Groups Of PathogensChapter 35.2 - In Adaptive Immunity, Receptors Provide Pathogen-specific RecognitionChapter 35.3 - Adaptive Immunity Defends Against Infection Of Body Fluids And Body CellsChapter 36 - Reproduction And DevelopmentChapter 36.1 - Both Asexual And Sexual Reproduction Occur In The Animal KingdomChapter 36.2 - Reproductive Organs Produce And Transport GametesChapter 36.3 - The Interplay Of Tropic And Sex Hormones Regulates Reproduction In MammalsChapter 36.4 - Development Of An Egg Into A Mature Embryo Requires Fertilization, Cleavage, Gastrulation, And OrganogenesisChapter 37 - Neurons, Synapses, And SignalingChapter 37.1 - Neuron Structure And Organization Reflect Function In Information TransferChapter 37.2 - Ion Pumps And Ion Channels Establish The Resting Potential Of A NeuronChapter 37.3 - Action Potentials Are The Signals Conducted By AxonsChapter 37.4 - Neurons Communicate With Other Cells At SynapsesChapter 38 - Nervous And Sensory SystemsChapter 38.1 - Nervous Systems Consist Of Circuits Of Neurons And Supporting CellsChapter 38.2 - The Vertebrate Brain Is Regionally SpecializedChapter 38.3 - The Cerebral Cortex Controls Voluntary Movement And Cognitive FunctionsChapter 38.4 - Sensory Receptors Transduce Stimulus Energy And Transmit Signals To The Central Nervous SystemChapter 38.5 - In Hearing And Equilibrium, Mechanoreceptors Detect Moving Fluid Or Settling ParticlesChapter 38.6 - The Diverse Visual Receptors Of Animals Depend On Light-absorbing PigmentsChapter 39 - Motor Mechanisms And BehaviorChapter 39.1 - The Physical Interaction Of Protein Filaments Is Required For Muscle FunctionChapter 39.2 - Skeletal Systems Transform Muscle Contraction Into LocomotionChapter 39.3 - Discrete Sensory Inputs Can Stimulate Both Simple And Complex BehaviorsChapter 39.4 - Learning Establishes Specific Links Between Experience And BehaviorChapter 39.5 - Selection For Individual Survival And Reproductive Success Can Explain Diverse BehaviorsChapter 39.6 - Genetic Analyses And The Concept Of Inclusive Fitness Provide A Basis For Studying The Evolution Of BehaviorChapter 40 - Population Ecology And The Distribution Of OrganismsChapter 40.1 - Earth's Climate Influences The Distribution Of Terrestrial BiomesChapter 40.2 - Aquatic Biomes Are Diverse And Dynamic Systems That Cover Most Of EarthChapter 40.3 - Interactions Between Organisms And The Environment Limit The Distribution Of SpeciesChapter 40.4 - Biotic And Abiotic Factors Affect Population Density, Dispersion, And DemographicsChapter 40.5 - The Exponential And Logistic Models Describe The Growth Of PopulationsChapter 40.6 - Population Dynamics Are Influenced Strongly By Life History Traits And Population DensityChapter 41 - Species InteractionsChapter 41.1 - Interactions Within A Community May Help, Harm, Or Have No Effect On The Species InvolvedChapter 41.2 - Diversity And Trophic Structure Characterize Biological CommunitiesChapter 41.3 - Disturbance Influences Species Diversity And CompositionChapter 41.4 - Biogeographic Factors Affect Community DiversityChapter 41.5 - Pathogens Alter Community Structure Locally And GloballyChapter 42 - Ecosystems And EnergyChapter 42.1 - Physical Laws Govern Energy Flow And Chemical Cycling In EcosystemsChapter 42.2 - Energy And Other Limiting Factors Control Primary Production In EcosystemsChapter 42.3 - Energy Transfer Between Trophic Levels Is Typically Only 10% EfficientChapter 42.4 - Biological And Geochemical Processes Cycle Nutrients And Water In EcosystemsChapter 42.5 - Restoration Ecologists Return Degraded Ecosystems To A More Natural StateChapter 43 - Global Ecology And Conversation BiologyChapter 43.1 - Human Activities Threaten Earth's BiodiversityChapter 43.2 - Population Conservation Focuses On Population Size, Genetic Diversity, And Critical HabitatChapter 43.3 - Landscape And Regional Conservation Help Sustain BiodiversityChapter 43.4 - Earth Is Changing Rapidly As A Result Of Human ActionsChapter 43.5 - The Human Population Is No Longer Growing Exponentially But Is Still Increasing RapidlyChapter 43.6 - Sustainable Development Can Improve Human Lives While Conserving Biodiversity

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