Understanding Browning of Fruits and Vegetables by an Enzyme 2019
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Understanding Browning of Fruits and Vegetables by an
Enzyme:
Polyphenoloxidase in Potatoes
Recall the following about enzymes: Enzymes act as biological catalysts. Almost all enzymes are
proteins. The enzymatic reaction is catalyzed in a region of the enzyme called the active site. Enzyme
activity is influenced by a number of factors:
enzyme concentration,
substrate concentration,
pH of the reaction,
temperature,
possibly cofactors, inhibitors and/or activators.
Some enzymes are absolutely specific for their substrate: this means they will catalyze a reaction
only on one substrate structure, whereas other enzymes may show “group specificity”, meaning that
they can catalyze similar reactions with two or more substrates of related chemical structure (e.g.
peptides, alcohols, etc).
POLYPHENOLOXIDASE
A number of fruits and vegetables contain an enzyme called polyphenoloxidase, which is responsible
for the browning we observe when these fruits and vegetables are cut and exposed to the air, or
bruised (e.g. raw potatoes, apples). This enzyme contains a metal cofactor, copper, and it can
catalyze an oxidation reaction of dihydroxyphenols and trihydroxyphenols to give quinones. For
example, if the starting substrate is catechol, the reaction equation would be as follows:
You will work with an extract of raw potatoes which contains polyphenoloxidase, and by carrying out
several experiments, you will test the effect of different variables on the observed extent of reaction,
or rate of reaction.
IMPORTANT: In all work with enzymes, it is very important to use very clean glassware, rinsed with
distilled water. Enzymes can be easily
denatured
by leftover detergent on glassware, or
inhibited
by
metal ions that are present in tap water. So keep this in mind as you prepare for and do your work.
POLYPHENOLOXIDASE EXPERIMENTS:
For all the following experiments you are comparing reactions in 3 or 4 tubes. It is important to
cooperate within your group: since you are basically comparing enzymatic reaction rates, you want all
reactions to start pretty much at the same time, so add enzyme to all tubes quickly and keep track of
what is being done (one experimentor, one scribe).
Materials:
13x100 glass tubes, rack
P1000 pipettors, tips
Solutions: enzyme extract (on ice), 0.01M catechol, water, 0.01M phenol, 0.01M hydroquinone, 0.4M
HCl, 0.1M lactic acid, 0.5M sodium carbonate
I. THE BASIC REACTION OF POLYPHENOLOXIDASE
Assemble the following reactions:
Tube A
Tube B
Tube C
10 drops distilled water
10 drops 0.01M catechol
10 drops 0.01M catechol
10 drops enzyme extract
10 drops enzyme extract
10 drops distilled water
Gently shake tubes to mix well and place them in the
37 degree waterbath
Every 5 minutes, shake the tubes to aerate the contents. This adds oxygen
Examine the contents of the tubes every 5 minutes, by holding up to the light or
against a sheet of white paper. Continue for a total of 15 minutes, or until tube B has a
dark, deep red color. Record the intensity of the red color observed in all tubes, by using the
notation +, ++, +++, -.
Table 1:
Time (min)
Tube A
Tube B
Tube C
0
-
++
-
5
-
++
-
10
-
++
-
15
-
++
-
Questions:
1)
What do tubes A and C control for? Tube A was control for Enzyme extract,
C was for 0.01M catechol.
2)
Since the intensity of color is proportional to the concentration of product benzoquinone,
what do you conclude about how the amount of benzoquinone changed over time for
tube B?
For our experiment over time the color did not change much which means the
concentration stayed the same.
3)
Did the reaction occur in tube C without enzyme? The reaction did not occur.
4)
Did you observe some color change in tube A? Since A did not contain any catechol,
what is your explanation for what you observed? Minimal color change in tube A not clear but no
red color enzyme had minimal reaction with water.
5)
In one sentence state your overall conclusion for what Part I has shown you.
Catechol is reacting with enzyme extract
to give us a red color.
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Related Questions
Modified TRUE or FALSE. Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct. If the statement is false, write the incorrect underlined word/s and indicate the correct word/s to make the statement true.
The reaction involving the substrate bound to the active site of an enzyme is made more favorable by increasing the activation energy of the reaction.
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Hand written solutions are strictly prohibited.
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MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Please answer properly
QUESTION :
Enzymes can be regulated in a many different ways.
Covalent modification is one way. Here, the functional
groups are attached to or removed from the enzyme. A
phosphate group is an example of a functional group
that can be added to an enzyme. Depending on the
enzyme, addition of a phosphate group can either
increase or decrease an enzyme's activity. Evaluate the
following names and identify the general name of an
enzyme that functions to add phosphate groups to its
substrate?
A. isomerase
B. phosphatase
C. kinase
D. ligase
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Why would an enzyme no longer function once it denatures?
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BIOMOLECULES
- MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Please answer properly
QUESTION :
If a cell has an adequate supply of adenine nucleotides but requires more guanine nucleotides for protein synthesis:
1. Glutamine-PRPP amidotransferase will not be fully inhibited
2. AMP will be a feedback inhibitor of the condensation of IMP with aspartate
3. ATP will stimulate the production of GMP from IMP
4. ATP will inhibit nucleoside diphosphate reductase.
Choices
A. 2 and 4
B. 1 and 3
C. 1, 2, 3, and 4
D. 1, 2, and 3
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Which of the following are not properties of enzymes?
not required to sustain the life of an organism
sensitive to pH and temperature of their environment
able to interact with all compounds or substrates
large proteins with a special surface pattern
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X Incorrect.
Suppose that an uncatalyzed reaction is spontaneous because AG has a value of -10 kcal/mol. An enzyme that catalyzes the reaction is identified. What effect will the enzyme have on the rate of the
reaction? Choose all that are correct.
The enzyme increases the AG value.
The enzyme increases the rate of reaction.
The enzyme decreases the rate of reaction.
The enzyme decreases the AG value.
The enzyme raises the activation energy.
The enzyme lowers the activation energy.
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Drag and drop from the available list of terms.
are a diverse set of enzyme that
catalyze
two molecules by
forming a new bond in the process.
Transferases
Kinases
joining
Lyases
Ligases
separating
Oxidoreductases Dehydrogenases
converting
hydrolytic
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Gap junctions
Animals.
Adhesion, cell
signaling
Single-celled
:}
Insects, mammals, and other animals
with bilateral symmetry (~10,000,000)
Jellyfish and their relatives (10,000)
} Sponges (10,000)
Choanoflagellates (150)
Despite their simple unicellular lifestyle they express adhesion molecules including cadherins
and lectins (King et al., 2003) but don't seem to have molecules that are typically found in the
extracellular matrix such as integrins or laminins (Williams et al., 2014).
Design a microscopy experiment to test the assertion that choanoflagellates have (some)
adhesion molecules and those molecules play a similar role in a closely related animal like
sponges.
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MAKE A GRAPH FOR ME ON GRAPH PAPER CALL IT ENZYMES VS RATE OF REACTION USING TABLE BELOW
GRAPH paper INSERTED BELOW
rules: data points must be an x or circled dot, must be on grid paper , the independant variable on the x axis and dependant variable on the y axis, must include titles
Regarding the data points:
- H2O2 + MnO2 Control #1: (Control #1, 5)- H2O2 + sand control #2: (Control #2, 0)- Plant versus Animal Liver Catalase: (Liver, 4)- Potato: Plant vs. Animal Catalase: (Potato, 3)- Substance Enzyme Concentration (Used Liver): (Liver Used, 4)- Substance Enzyme Concentration (Used H2O2): (Used H2O2, 1)
- Boiling Water Bath Temperature: (Boiling Water Bath, 5)- Ice Water Bath Temperature: (Ice Water Bath, 2)- HCl, or pH 3: (H 3, 4)- NaOH at pH 12: (pH 12, 2)- pH 7 (H2O): (assuming average of pH readings; pH 7, not specified)
The following explains how to display the graph:
Title: Factors versus Enzyme Activity Rate - Labels on X- and Y-axes: Factors and Rate of Enzyme…
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I. Active site analysis.
Below is a diagram of a putative active site for Monoamine oxidase. As we learned, the purpose of
tertiary structure is to form a scaffold so you can orient just a few amino acids in the right orientation
to promote binding and/or catalysis. The position where this occurs is the active site. The amino acid
architecture of an active site is designed to bind substrates. Amino acid side chains are capable of
hydrogen bonding, ionic and hydrophobic interactions. Fill in each amino acid that you think is
suitable for interacting with the part of the substrate it is closest to. Assume the pH will be at 7.0
a.a.#1
a.a.#2
a.a.#6
HO
Lond
NH₂
НО
a.a.#5
OH
a.a.#3
a.a.#4
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BIOMOLECULES
- MULTIPLE CHOICE
- Please answer properly
QUESTION :
Which of the following best describes the transition state of a catalyzed reaction?
A. higher in energy than that of an uncatalyzed reaction
B. lower in energy than that of an uncatalyzed reaction
C. bound very weakly to the catalyst
D. lower energy than the reaction substrate
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The number 2 question. Thank you
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Enzyme
What concept does this picture illustrate?
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Enzyme activity as a function of substrate concentration
Enzyme catalysis by proximity and orientation
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Lowering of activation energy barrier
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2nd blank (higher,lower,same)
3rd blank (10,50,90,100)
4th blank (allowed from, excluded in)
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dits description. Each term can only be used once.
( Choose]
[Choose)
on
induced fit
the free energy of activation, or aclivation energy
nds.
substrates
enzyme-substrate complex
on
enzyme
active site
d its description. Each term can only be used once.
Chioie
pimagepeg
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Do not use chatgpt.
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Metabolic Classification
What type of metabolic reaction is shown by the following reactions?
Choices:
Amphibolic
Anabolic
Catabolic
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Only typed explanation
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Please answer completely will give rating surely
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correct sequence).
When the activation energy required is less
between the reactants and the products, reaction
is known as-----
i.
ii.
The region of an enzyme where substrate
molecules bind and undergo a chemical
11.
reaction is known as---
11.
To produce amino acids and synthesis of
NADH, cycle used is--
Metabolic cycle that takes place both in
cytoplasm and mitochondria is---
Glucose 1 phosphate is converted to Glucose 6
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V.
vi.
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$$
S
OiLearn Video
W
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Graph B above depicts Lineweaver-Burk double reciprocal plot for an enzyme catalyzed reaction carried out in the presence or absence of an inhibitor. Which of the following statement best describes the kinetic data shown below: ?
Line 1 depicts the enzyme-catalyzed reaction carried out in the presence of a competitive inhibitor.
Line 1 depicts the enzyme-catalyzed reaction carried out in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
Line 2 depicts the enzyme-catalyzed reaction carried out in the presence of a competitive inhibitor.
Line 2 depicts the enzyme-catalyzed reaction carried out in the presence of a noncompetitive inhibitor.
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helping tags: Biochemistry, spectrophotometric analysis, enzyme, substrate, coenzyme
Will upvote, just pls help me create the graph. Thanks.
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