A8 Assignment worksheet - How genes shape the niche DrP(1)

5. Draw two bar graphs, one representing the ratio of saturated to unsaturated fatty acids present in the cell membrane and the other representing the amount of cholesterol present in the cell membrane. Each graph should include a bar for each of the following groups of organisms. The objective is to correctly represent what we would expect to see in the cell membranes of organisms adapted to different temperatures. Explain your graph and why you chose the ratios for each individual. A. Beetles that have lived for several generations in Alaska (far north = cold) b. Beetles that have lived for several generations in Kansas (warm) c. Beetles that have lived for several generations in South America (far south = hot)

7

15. G + C Content: Describe how the G+C content of an organism can be measured. In your response, be sure to address the following: c. Does a similarity in G + C content between two organisms mean that they are necessarily related? Explain. What other information might help determine relatedness between two organisms? Besure to define any terms and be complete and specific in your response.

4:50 Identify which statement below is the fact, the law, and the theory. In the Serengeti, the savanna grasses are extremely abundant, the wildebeests are common, and the lions are rare. Why the World is Green In terrestrial communities around the world, primary producers are very abundant, herbivores are common, and first-level carnivores are rare. [Choose l [Choose] [Choose) # # X

Chemical modifications of amino acids contribute to the diversity and function of proteins. For instance, γ-carboxylation of specific amino acids is required to make some proteins biologically active. What particular amino acid undergoes this modification, and what is its biological relevance? Warfarin, a derivative of coumarin, which is pres- ent in many plants, inhibits γ-carboxylation of this amino acid and was used in the past as a rat poison. At present, it is also used clinically in humans. What patients might be prescribed warfarin and why?

14) If you performed a similar experiment to test the effects of pH on the activity of the enzyme pepsin, what would you predict to be optimal pH of pepsin? Why?

19.Arachidonate (20:4A5.8,11,14) is synthesized from linoleate (18:2A9,12). In turn, arachidonate is used to synthesize prostaglandins. Which of the double bonds in arachidonate is introduced in the endoplasmic reticulum of human cells? а. Д5.8,11 b. Д5,11,14 С. Д11,14 d. Д5,8 е. Д5.8,11,14

1. explain why the substitution of Leu > Val and Arg > Lys in protein does not cause a decrease in the biological activity of the enzyme ! 2. explain why the substitution of Ala → Pro and Gly → Val in protein does not cause a decrease in the biological activity of the enzyme !

1.2 Answer these "a, b, c" questions, well detailed with a lot of information filled in. It is important to answer with more than 500 to 700 words per paragraph of each question about the endangered animal : beluga A) What are the basic needs of the beluga for it’s survival? Explain them each by one with very detailed explanations. B) Are there rehabilitation measures to restore your territory or protection programs? Please explain well. C) Put a hypothesis on the most important threats to the survival of the beluga in its region.

61. Which of the following would not be interpreted as an adaptation to a very dry environment?a. longer-than-normal loops of Henle in the vertebrate kidneyb. a gland that excretes a dilute salt solutionc. water-impermeable layer of wax on insect exoskeletond. enzymes that convert ammonia to uric acid 62. Which of the following statements is true about the flow of energy through the food pyramid?a. The most energy is at the top of the pyramid, with the tertiary consumers, because the energy increases at each level.b. The most energy is at the bottom of the food pyramid because some is lost as it is passed from producer to each level of consumer.c. The energy is distributed equally at each level of the pyramid; very little is lost or added moving from producers to tertiary consumers.d. Energy doesn’t flow through the food pyramid; each level receives energy from the sun.e. It depends on the ecological community; in some, there is more energy at the top of the food pyramid, and in…

1. What is the role of plant glycobiology in facilitating nitrogen fixation? 2. N-linked glycosylation in plants shares many similarities with N-linked glycosylation in mammalian cells. Describe at least two structural features that are shared between plant and mammalian N-linked glycans. Similarly, describe at least two structural features that are different.

I would appreciate help

5. The following Figure for Question 5 shows a simplified Nitrogen Cycle driven entirely by microorganisms. (i) : (ii) : (iii) : (iv) : N₂ (V) : N₂O iv NO NH3 NO₂ (a) Name the five major nitrogen transformation processes numbered (i) to (v) in the simplified Nitrogen Cycle. ii iii NO₂ The figure for Question 5 Organic Nitrogen

1. Refer to Model 2 for information relevant to this question a) A sample of the peptide Lys-Glu-Ser has a net charge of zero between what two pH values? b) What is the pI of Lys-Glu-Ser?   2. Would Lys-Glu-Ser have the same pI as Ser-Glu-Lys? Explain   3. Draw a dipeptide (use R1 and R2 for the side chain R groups) and the resonance tructures of the peptide bond.

13. Draw the structure of the amino acid lysine showing the correct protonation states of its acid and base functional groups in a solution of lysine at pH 10.5. What is the net overall charge on lys at this pH? 14. Draw the structure of the amino acid lysine showing the correct protonation states of its acid and base functional groups in a solution of lysine at pH 8.5. What is the net overall charge on lys at this → Practice other questions like sample questions 12-14 using the 20 amino acids at varying pHs!!! (eg. pH? "Draw the structure of the amino acid Histidine showing the correct protonation states of its acid and base functional groups in a solution of his at pH 5. What is the net overall charge on his at this pH?" etc...)

6. Amino acid alanine containing N5 isotope in a-amino group was administrated to mouse with food. It was found that the N5 has rapidly appeared in a-amino groups of aspartate, glutamate and other amino acids in the liver (with the exception of lysine and threonine). Explain, why does it occur? For the answer: 412 Chapter 8. Nitrogen metabolism a) draw the reactions of aspartate and glutamate formation with alanine participation; b) describe enzymes catalyzing these types of reactions; specify coenzyme; c) specify the group of amino acids due to the possibility that they have been synthesized in the body and Glu, Ala, and Asp relate to.

11. Refer to the figure below. нн Н `NH2 NH2 N' N- 2e-+H* R NAD+ NADH NAD+ functions as a coenzyme in many enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The changes that take place in this coenzyme are the same for all of these reactions and are illustrated in the figure. It is likely that, in these reactions, NAD+ functions as an electron acceptor (reducing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as a base in acid-base catalytic mechanisms. functions as an electron donor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. functions as an electron acceptor (oxidizing agent) in redox reactions. +Z-

1 of on 12 ed dout of ag on man The nitrogen cycle involves the movement of atmospheric nitrogen through a series of nitrifying bacteria, which process the nitrogen into forms that can be absorbed and used by other living organisms, Which of the following paths best represent the correct order of this process, starting with atmospheric nitrogen and ending with a form of nitrogen that most plants (producers) can use? Select one: O a. N2(g) → ammonium → nitrite → nitrate - b. nitrite →→ ammonium →→ N2(g) →→ nitrate - c. nitrate → N2(g) → ammonium → nitrate d. ammonium nitrate → nitrite → N2(g) Complete the table below using the dropdown choices. Human Activity Expand city suburbs Large cattle ranches Replant forested areas Effect on cellular functions MacBook Effect on atmospheric composition ◆

1

1. Substrates and reactive groups in an enzyme’s active site must be precisely aligned in order for a productive reaction to occur. Why, then, is some conformational flexibility also a requirement for catalysis?       2.  Some plants contain compounds that inhibit serine proteases. It has been hypothesized that these compounds protect the plant from proteolytic enzymes of insects and microorganisms that would damage the plant. Tofu, or bean curd, possesses these compounds. Manufacturers of tofu treat it to eliminate serine protease inhibitors. Why is this treatment necessary?

57. Lobster is a very valuable seafood export in Canada. The lobsters caught off the coast of Atlantic Canada make up 50% of the world lobster supply. In order to protect the lobster population from overfishing, the Government of Canada has conservation measures in place to ensure the population size is maintained. Some of the measurements include placing a limit on the number of fishing licenses issued, limiting the fishing seasons, establishing minimum and maximum lobster size limits, and protecting egg-bearing females. Fisheries and Oceans Canada regularly monitors and collects data to estimate the lobster population size.The carrying capacity of the lobster population can be best described as the Select one: a. initial bottom plateau in a logistic growth curve that demonstrates a stable population b. steep increase in an exponential growth curve that demonstrates the high biotic potential c. slow increase in a linear growth curve that demonstrates controlled and sustainable…

18-Consider the reaction: A + B → C + D+ Energy a) the reaction is endergonic b) an enzyme could further speed up the reaction c) ATP is required for the reaction to proceed d) all of these statements are correct 20-The result of convergent evolution would be that: a) bats, birds and beetles have wings that have evolved at different times in the history of life b) bats, birds and beetles do not share a common ancestor with respect to wings c) the wings evolved three times independently, on three branches of the tree of life d) all of the above are correct 21-This reaction: 6CO2 + 6 H2O converted to C6H12O6 + 6O2 a) requires chlorophyll oxidation b) is an oxidation of carbon dioxide c) converts carbon dioxide into oxygen d) takes place in the mitochondrial matrix 22-Which of these statements is false regarding metabolism in general? a) oxidation can be defined as a loss of electrons b) during photosynthesis, hydrogen atoms are transferred from sugar to O2 c) potential…

der these chemical species by increasing pH of an 0.1 M aqueous solution of each. That is, imagine making an 0.1 M solution of each species. Select 1 next Lo the species that makes the solution with the lowest pH. Select 2 next to the species that makes the solution with the next higher pH, and so on. Notice that some of the rankings have been filled in for you already. Also notice that water is on the list. For that particular case, just compare the pH of pure water to the pH of the other solutions. Note for advanced students: for all charged species, you may assume the necessary counterions act as neither acids nor bases. species relative pH of 0.1 M aqueous solution ☑ ك + C6H5NH3 2 CH3NH2 (Choose one) CIO2 (Choose one) CH,NH, (Choose one) OH CH3NH3 H₂O + 8 (highest) 3 (Choose one) HCIO2 1 (lowest)

2. Compare and contrast the biological roles of the following amino acids the following pairs of amino acids. Once you have documented these role state which member of the pair is most important and why (1-2 sentences) Pair #1 Ketogenic, glucogenic or both Prevalence in peptides and proteins Role in biosynthesis Role in homeostasis (e.g. ammonia) Aspartic acid Glutamic acid Important in which pathways Pair #2 Arginine Histidine Ketogenic, glucogenic or both Prevalence in peptides and proteins Role in biosynthesis Role in homeostasis (e.g. ammonia) Pair #3 Ketogenic, glucogenic or both Prevalence in peptides and proteins Role in biosynthesis Role in homeostasis (e.g. ammonia) Important in which pathways Tyrosine Phenylalanine

8

1) Therapeutic proteins such as human insulin are produced on a large scale in E. coli, however the proteins produced by the bacteria are not functional until disulfides bonds are chemically added. Why is this? O A. E. coli do not have an ER O B. E. coli don't have protein disulfide isomerase in their ER O C. E. coli don't have protein disulfide isomerase in their Golgi O D. E. coli don't have a Golgi

19. What is the optimal pH for catalase? Why do you think it becomes less effective at high or low pH? 20. Can you think of anywhere in the human body where enzymes would work BEST at a high pH? Please give an example and draw what that graph might look like. 21. What is the optimal temperature for catalase? Why do you think it becomes less effective at high or low temperatures? 22. Can you think of any organisms that would have enzymes specifically adapted to extreme low or high temperatures and would therefore function best at a different part of the graph? Please give an example and draw what that graph might look like.

-Inhibitor +Inhibitor [S] (mM). V&νβσπ:(μmol/sec) V0&νβσπ&ν βσπ;(μmol/sec) 0.0001 33 17 0.0005 71 50 0.001 83 67 0.005 96 91 0.01 98 95 What is the Vmax of this enzyme WITHOUT iinhibitor?

In relation to allometric scaling which of the statement(s) is correct? A) The study of how things change their shape or proportions with size B) Allometric equation for metabolic rate (MR) is MR = a * Weightb C) Allometric scaling only occurs across different species NOT within a species D) Aand B E) All of the Above

3. Aspartate aminotransferase (AspAT) catalyzes the following reaction: COO™ C=O CH₂ COO Oxaloacetate The AspAT enzyme has two active-site arginines, Arg 386 and Arg 292, that interact with the a- carboxylate and ß-carboxylate groups on the aspartate substrate, respectively. Investigators stud- ied the mechanism of AspAT in more detail by constructing mutant AspAT enzymes in which either or both of the essential arginines were replaced with a lysine residue. The kinetic parame- ters for the wild-type enzyme and nutant enzymes are shown in the table. NH—CH-COO T CH₂ COO™ Aspartate α-Amino acid Enzyme 1. Wild-type Asp AT(Arg 292 Arg 386) 2. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Arg 386) 3. Mutant Asp AT(Arg 292 Lys 386) 4. Mutant Asp AT(Lys 292 Lys 386) Asp-AT a-Keto acid KM (MM) 4 326 72 300 Kcat (S-1) 530 4.5 9.6 0.055 (a) The Michaelis constant is strictly not equivalent to an equilibrium binding constant; however under certain conditions the Michaelis constant does approach the equilibrium (dissoci-…

-Inhibitor +Inhibitor [S] (mM) V0&νβσπ;(μmol/sec). νο&νβσπ: &ν βσπ (μmol/sec) 0.0001 33 17 0.0005 71 50 0.001 83 67 0.005 96 91 0.01 98 95 What is the Vmax of this enzyme WITH iinhibitor?

47. Which of the following is true under the following conditions: The enzyme concentration is 5 nM, the substrate concentration is 5 mM, and the KM is 5 mM. (1 nM = 10-9 M, 1 μM=10-6 M, 1 mM = 10-3 M) Group of answer choices Between 0% and 50% of active sites have substrate bound 0% of active sites have substrate bound 50% of active sites have substrate bound 100% of active sites have substrate bound Between 50% and 100% of active sites have substrate bound

The following data describe the catalysis of cleavage of peptide bonds in small peptides by the enzyme UTSASE (the arrow indicates the peptide bond cleaved in each case). Substrate Km(mM) kcat(s) PAPALG 4.0 26 РАPАLA 1.5 37 РАРАLF 0.64 18 Based on the above data shown for UTSAse what features of amino acid sequence dictate the specificity of the proteolytic cleavage? A. Large hydrophilic R-groups B. Large hydrophobic R-groups C. Neutral R-groups D. Small hydrophilic R-groups E. Large hydrophobic R-groups F. Negatively charged R-groups G. Positively charged R-groups

1. How is creatine biochemically formed in mammalian cells?  2. Why would it be more correct to call concentrated ammonium hydroxide by the alternative name ammonia water?