(a) Major inrormation patnways DNA DNA replication Information is transferred from DNA to an RNA molecule. Information is transferred from one DNA molecule to another. -Transcription RNA Information is transferred from RNA to a protein through a code that specifies the amino acid sequence. -Translation PROTEIN (b) Special information pathways DNA In some viruses, information is transferred from RNA to DNA ... Reverse transcription ...or to another RNA molecule. RNA RNA replication- PROTEIN Pathways of information transfer within the cell. Phage attaches to E coll and injects its chromosome. Phage E. coli Bacterial chromosome Phage chromosome Bacterial chromosome breaks down and the phage chromosome replicates. Expression of phage genes produces phage structural components, Progeny phage particdes assemble. Bacterial wall lyses, releasing progeny phages. r2 is a bacteriophage that infects E. coli.

Q: Some phages have a modified replication cycle in which infected host cells continue to grow and…

A: The viruses are considered to be non-living when they are out of the host as they lack cellular…

Q: for the virulence of a phage. A bacteriophage solution of a given concentration is inoculated with…

A: Virulence of a phage: it is the ability of a virus to infect and cause their effect to the host…

Q: Experimentally, when an E. coli bacterium already has a λ prophageintegrated into its chromosome,…

A: Lambda phage binds to the bacterial cell surface and then, injects its genetic material inside the…

Q: In generalized transduction, transducing particule carries -- in place of Which of the following is…

A: Lateral gene transfer or horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is the movement of genetic material between…

Q: Which cycle produces new phage particles?

A: Viruses are microscopic agents that can replicate only inside host cells. They can infect all types…

Q: Phages hijack the metabolism and machinery of bacteria by injecting the of the virus into the host…

A: Introduction   A bacteriophage, often known as a phage, is a type of virus that infects bacteria.…

Q: A mutation in phage λ results in 10-fold greater transcription ofthe cII gene. How do you think this…

A: Lambda phage is a temperate phage that undergoes both lysogenic and lytic life cycle. It contains a…

Q: BLASTP helps to predict the function of phage proteins by finding the e-value of phage proteins O…

A: The Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) is a program that searches for region of local…

Q: Phages that destroy host cell DNA, direct synthesis of phageparticles, and cause lysis of the host…

A: Virus is a non-living pathogenic agent which depends on its host for survival. It is  composed of…

Q: The process by which non-viral DNA is brought into a bacterial cell by a phage is referred to as…

A: Bacteria are microscopic organisms that positioned in prokaryote as these are unicellular organisms.…

Q: Which of the following statements is true about a vector?a) Plasmids, phages can be used as…

A: In molecular cloning, vector is a segment of DNA molecule, which is used as an artificial carrier of…

Q: BLASTP helps to predict the function of phage proteins by finding the e-value of phage proteins O…

A: BLAST stands for Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST). This is helpful in finding the location…

Q: Sex pili are to conjugation as ____________ is/are to transduction. the host chromosome…

A: Bacteria have multiple modes of reproduction such as transformation, conjugation and transduction.…

Q: Which of the following statements describes the lysogenic cycle of lambda (A) phage? After…

A: In this lambda phage, the virus infects the bacteria, this virus can perform two types of life…

Q: What do the results of Hershey and Chase's experiment show? * O DNA is composed of a double helix. O…

A: Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase were two important scientists who carried out the experiment using…

Q: If these two genes were very far apart on the bacterial chromosome, how would the results have been…

A: Transduction is a method through which bacteria undergo parasexual gene recombination. It is the…

Q: As much fun as lInterrupted mating experiments are, they don't always capture a truly accurate…

A: From the given table it is observable that for the growth of P13 it is necessary to have a media…

Q: The following are lambda phage gene deletions. What lambda lifestyle will result from each deletion?…

A: Lambda phage is a enterobacteria phage that is responsible for E.coli infection   It has a double…

Q: How does the CRISPR system target nucleic acid of an invading phage for destruction?

A: The CRISPR sequence s the most repeated sequence in the prokaryotes. this performs different…

Q: Which of the following mutant lambda phages can still go through lytic life cycle - (select all…

A: Introduction :- Lambda phage is a bacteriophages that uses Escherichia coli as their host and…

Q: Four different types of molecules, namely A, B, C and D were isolated from a primitive life form and…

A: All of these are likely to be the genetic material for the primitive life form.

Q: David isolated 3 unidentified strains of bacteria from a patient's wound. He wants to determine if…

A: Lysogeny is the state where a host cell contains one or more prophages and lysogenic cells contains…

Q: In Figure 5-29, do you think that b+ could be transducedinstead of a+? As well as a+?

A: Given diagram represent the generalized transduction. During generalized transduction the gene…

Q: Host DNA is digested into small pieces, which are occasionally assembled with phage proteins,…

A: Co transduction frequency is defined as the term that is used to explain the phenomenon that two…

Q: In the lysogenic cycle of bacteriophages, which of the fol-lowing is true?(a) Lysogeny is the term…

A: Answer- Viruses are the infectious particles that act as living organisms when present inside the…

Q: E. coli is severely exposed to UV light and is DNA damaged, but it attempts to replicate its genome.…

A: U.V. Light -- Ultra Violet Light -- It is the shortest wavelength of Ultra violet light emitted  by…

Q: In transduction, bacterial DNA packaged into the proteincoat of a phage is the vehicle for gene…

A: Transduction is a process of genetic recombination in bacteria wherein horizontal gene transfer…

Q: If a single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present in a cultureof bacteria and, upon lysis,…

A: single bacteriophage infects one E. coli cell present in a cultureof bacteria. Upon lysis it yields…

Q: n conjugation, when a bacterial F factor is transferred:     the donor cell turns into a recipient…

A: Bacterial Conjugation -- When two compatible bacteria fuse with each other ,bringing back the…

Q: In Figure 5-25, can you point to any phage progeny thatcould transduce

A: Transduction is one of the methods by which genetic material is exchanged between bacterial cells…

Q: In Figure 5-32, what do the half-red, half-blue segmentsrepresent?

A: Biotechnology is a branch of biology that utilizes biological systems that is living organisms such…

Q: Which of the following stages is related with transformation process? I. formation cell to cell…

A: Gene transfer refers to the process by which genetic information from one organism is passed to…

Q: Which of the following are true about bacteriophages (phages)? Select all correct answers A phage is…

A: Bacteriophages are considered the virus particles that possess a DNA or RNA genome that gets…

Q: What do the results of Hershey and Chase's experiment show?* DNA is composed of a double helix. O…

A: Hershey and chase were the two scientist which performed experiment on the genetic material. They…

Q: Put in the correct order the following steps of the lytic cycle in phage replication: 1. Phage…

A: The lytic cycle is one of two cycles of viral replication, the other being the lysogenic cycle. The…

Q: During transduction, how does bacterial DNA end up in a phage (virus)? The phage is equally likely…

A: Hello. Since your question has multiple parts, we will solve first question for you. If you want…

Q: In a P1 transduction experiment, the P1 lysate contains phages thatcarry pieces of the host…

A: Bacterial transduction is the process of transfer of genetic elements from one bacterial cell into…

Q: During transduction via phage P1,a. any small fragment of the bacterial chromosome may betransferred…

A: The genetic material of bacteria deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is transferred to another bacterium…

Q: phage can be "induced" as a result of DNA damage. Consequences o induction include O Temperate…

A: Viruses that infect bacterial cells are called bacteriophages. Very similar to animal viruses, these…

Q: Most phages that use DNA to propagate work by hijacking host bacterial machinery including RNA…

A: PhiKZ is a giant bacteriophage of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Q: Which of the following is not a cloning vector? O PUC18 O PBR322 O M13 phage O BL21 (DE3)

A: A cloning vector is a little piece of DNA that can be steadily kept up with in an organism, and into…

Q: A bacterial cell receives a new gene contained on a plasmid exchanged through the formation of a sex…

A:

Q: Lambda phage çan facilitate bacterial chwemosomal DNA transfer through the process of specialized…

A: Transduction is the term used to define the process of introducing foreign, unknown DNA into a cell…

Q: You infect bacterial cells with an experimental, bacteriophage which consists of the T4 protein coat…

A: Phages are the viruses that infect bacteria. They do so by injecting their genetic material in…

Q: The genome of some bacteriophages is linear in the phage particle but becomes circularized inside…

A: Restriction enzymes The enzyme that is use to cut the DNA at specific site.

Q: A researcher identified a mutation in PR of phage λ that causes itstranscription rate to be…

A: A virus, once it enters bacteria, can either undergo the lytic or lysogenic cycle for further…

Q: What is the main reason for archiving your phage? so that you could repeat the DNA isolation (for…

A: A bacteriophage, often known as a phage, is a virus which infects bacteria and archaea and…

Genetic Recombination

Recombination is crucial to this process because it allows genes to be reassorted into diverse combinations. Genetic recombination is the process of combining genetic components from two different origins into a single unit. In prokaryotes, genetic recombination takes place by the unilateral transfer of deoxyribonucleic acid. It includes transduction, transformation, and conjugation. The genetic exchange occurring between homologous deoxyribonucleic acid sequences (DNA) from two different sources is termed general recombination. For this to happen, an identical sequence of the two recombining molecules is required. The process of genetic exchange which occurs in eukaryotes during sexual reproduction such as meiosis is an example of this type of genetic recombination.

Microbial Genetics

Genes are the functional units of heredity. They transfer characteristic information from parents to the offspring.