Consider a computation running on a machine with a 1 GHz clock, 8-word cache line, single cycle access to the cache, and 100 ns latency to DRAM. The computation has a cache hit ratio at 1 KB of 40% and at 32 KB of 70%.

A microprocessor has an increment memory direct instruction, which adds 1 to the value in a memory location. The instruction has five stages: fetch opcode(four bus clock cycles),fetch operand address (three cycles), fetch operand (three cycles) add 1 to operand (three cycles), and store operand (three cycles). a. By what amount (in percent) will the duration of the instruction increase if we have to insert two bus wait states in each memory read and memory write operation? b. repeat assuming that the increment operation takes 13 cycles instead of 3 cycles

Suppose a byte-addressable computer using set associative cache has 8M byes of main memory and a cache of 128 blocks, where each cache block contains 64 bytes.  a) If this cache is 4-way set associative, what is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache, that is, what are the sizes of the tag, set, and offset fields?  b) If this cache is 16-way set associative, what is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache

Suppose a byte-addressable computer using set associative cache has 2^24 bytes of main memory and a cache size of 64K bytes, and each cache block contains 32 bytes. a) If this cache is 2-way set associative, what is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache, that is, what are the sizes of the tag, set, and offset fields? b) If this cache is 4-way set associative, what is the format of a memory address as seen by the cache?

For a computer with 56-bit physical addresses and a 8-way set associative cache of 64 KB where each cache line has the capacity of holding 32 words. Assume the word size is 3 and the architecture is byte-addressable. Answer the questions below: a.How many bits are needed for tag, index, word offset, and byte offs. Show your derivations and assumptions. b.What are the start and end physical addresses, in hex as discussed in class, for cache line 300? Cache line count starts from 0. c.What is the total size, in KB, of this cache? d.What is the tag value, in hex, of address 0xABCDEF98765432?

On the Motorola 68020 microprocessor, a cache access takes two clock cycles. Data access from main memory over the bus to the processor takes three clock cycles in the case of no wait state insertion; the data are delivered to the processor in parallel with delivery to the cache. a. Calculate the effective length of a memory cycle given a hit ratio of 0.9 and a clocking rate of 16.67 MHz. b. Repeat the calculations assuming insertion of two wait states of one cycle each per memory cycle. What conclusion can you draw from the results?

Consider a paging system with the page table stored in memory. Memory access takes 200 nanoseconds. If we add associative registers (a TLB), and 75 percent of all page table references are found in associative registers, then the effective memory reference time is__ns Assume that finding a page-table entry in the TLB takes zero time.

Assume miss rate of an instruction cache is 2% and miss rate of data cache IS 4%, If a processor have CPI of 2 without any memory stalls and miss penalty is 100 cycles for all misses, determine how much faster a processor would run with a perfect cache that never missed. Assume frequency of all loads and stores is 36%.

Consider a demand-paging system with a paging disk that has an average access/transfer time of 50 ms. Addresses are translated through a page table in main memory, with an access time of 500 ns per memory access. Thus, each memory reference through the page table takes two accesses. To improve this time, we have added a TLB that reduces access time to one memory reference if the page-table entry is in the TLB. Assume that 80% of the accesses are in the TLB and that, of those remaining, 15% (or 3% of the total) cause page faults. We assume that the TLB access time is 20 ns. What is the effective access time?