a. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this patient inherited the mutation from one of her parents or if it spontaneously occurred in her cells? (Unfortunately her parents have passed away.) b. How could you use sequence analysis to determine if this gene is a tumor suppressor or an oncogene? (For partial credit briefly define tumor suppressor and oncogene.)
Q: Can we treat cancer by restoring tumor suppressor function such as mutated p53 or pRb? If so, how…
A: The process by which a cell gives rise to two identical daughter cells is referred to as cell…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutated single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene expected to…
A: The repeated and uncontrollable division of cells forms a large mass called the tumor. Tumors might…
Q: Why are some chromosomal regions amplified/deleted in a specific manner in certain tumor types?
A: Chromosomal amplification: Chromosomal amplification can be explained as the increase in the amount…
Q: Which of the following statements about tumor suppressor genes is FALSE? a) Inactivation of tumor…
A: False statement about tumor suppressor genes.
Q: Which of the following best describes a gene that codes for a tumor-suppressor protein? a. One that…
A: Cell growth is the process by which cells gain mass and expand in size. Animal cells that are…
Q: A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is most likely…
A: Question - A normally functioning gene that regulates the cell cycle by stopping cell division is…
Q: Why is it important to model cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells ?…
A: Genetic transformation happens when the genetic composition of an organism is transformed by the…
Q: Which of the following is NOT an example of fail-safe mechanisms that prevent the irregular cell…
A: Cancer is the uncontrolled cell division where he ell continuously divides. Cancer cells thus become…
Q: a)Proteins that stimulate/promote progression through the cell cycle are encoded by (oncogenes or…
A: Hi! Thank you for the question. As you have posted a question with multiple subparts, I will be…
Q: What is the difference between an oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene? Give some examples of the…
A: Cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell survival are under the control of some critical…
Q: Characterize the differences between tumor cells and normal cells in terms of the following…
A: A. The normal cell shows contact inhibition that means when two cells get contact then the growth…
Q: what category of cancer-related genes is it possible to find inherited variants that are associated…
A: Answer is option 3.
Q: Tumor Suppressor Genes are often called as gatekeepers because: a. They signify their involvement…
A: The correct option is a i.e.They signify their involvement in governing the dynamics of cell…
Q: Describe three popular methods for silencing tumor-suppressor genes.
A: Introduction Tumor suppressor genes are those that slow down the division and development of cells.…
Q: Define tumor-suppressor genes. Why is a mutation in a single copy of a tumor-suppressor gene…
A: Tumor-supressor genes: Tumor-suppressor genes is defined as normal genes that will slow down the…
Q: Compare and contrast oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.
A: Oncogenes are those genes that have the potential to cause cancer. These genes are often mutated or…
Q: Explain about the Cancer-causing gene formed by a mutation in a proto-oncogene ?
A: In genetics, the mutation is defined as the changes or alteration in the DNA sequences which result…
Q: Please discuss the difference between cancers caused by tumor viruses and cancers caused by…
A: Cancer is a disease where cells grow or divide uncontrolly.
Q: Match the gene on the left with the gene category on the right.…
A: Genes Genes are the information coded in a DNA. They make our protein and enzyme. They are…
Q: Suppose Nicole recently learned that she inherited a mutant BRCA1 allele from her mother, who had…
A: BRCA1 is a tumor suppressor gene usually expressed in breast cells. It is responsible for repairing…
Q: . Explain why mutations in oncogenes are generally dominant while those in tumor suppressor genes…
A: Proto-oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes are two types of gene essential for the control of cell…
Q: Compare the usual functions of proteins encoded by proto-oncogeneswith those of proteins encoded by…
A: Proteins are macromolecules formed by the long chain of amino acids. They are involved in a wide…
Q: An individual can inherit a gene in which expression has been altered by an ________ change with no…
A:
Q: Distinguish between proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes. To become cancer promoting, do…
A: Oncogene is a type of gene having the ability which can develop a cell to a tumor cell when…
Q: In some cancer cells, a specific gene has been duplicated many times. Is this gene likely to be an…
A: Cancer is an uncontrolled division of cell that has a defunct apoptosis mechanism. Usually, when…
Q: Mutations in proto-oncogenes that turn them into oncogenes tend to be dominant, while cancer-causing…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that suppress the formation of tumors in the cells or tissues…
Q: Why would a mutation in BRCA1 be considered a driver mutation? b. Based on what you’ve learned…
A: In this question, we have to answer 'BRCA gene consider as driver mutation and ATM consider as a…
Q: How would you relate the cancer cellular pathophysiology with genomic instability?
A: Cancer is a well-known disease these days. In the United States, one in every two women and one in…
Q: Define oncogene, proto-oncogene, and tumor-suppressor gene.
A: The most common gene in people with cancer is p53 or TP53. More than 50% of cancers involve the lost…
Q: Classify the following genes as proto-oncogenes or tumor-suppressor genes: p53, ras, Bcl-2,…
A: Proto-oncogene is a normal gene which have many different functions in the cell, like providing…
Q: Most forms of cancer involvea. the activation of a single oncogene.b. the inactivation of a single…
A: The medical condition of cancer is characterized by the abnormal growth pattern of the cells…
Q: What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene? How can mutations in…
A: Proto-oncogenes are normally switched off. But when they get activated they cause tumors. On the…
Q: Why don’t all loss-of-function mutations that are recessive at the cellular level behave as…
A: Loss of function mutation is otherwise known as inactivating mutations. This type of mutation is…
Q: Genetic instability in the form of point mutations, chromosome rearrangements, and epigenetic…
A: A mutation is a form of alteration in which a single change changes a nucleotide of nucleic acid. It…
Q: There are three broad categories of cancer-related genes: proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes,…
A: It is an uncontrollable cell division that get metastasized into surrounding tissues.
Q: What are the major differences between a tumor initiator (e.g., DMBA) and a tumor promoting agent…
A: Cancer is a disease in which cells, almost anywhere in the body, begin to divide uncontrollably…
Q: Apart from p53, mention and describe the function of three tumor suppressor genes you know
A: The cancer related genes can be divided into two broad categories like the proto-oncogenes and tumor…
Q: Which of the following statements correctly describes a characteristic of tumor-suppressor gene? a)…
A: Cells that progress through the cell cycle unchecked may sequentially develop malignant tumors.…
Q: If a mutation occurs in an embryonic stem cell that alters cell proliferation there is potential for…
A: Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that have potential to develop many different types of cells…
Q: What were the key findings after modeling cancer through the generation of induced pluripotent stem…
A: The genetic information can be stored in the form of DNA, which may be converted into functional…
Q: Tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes are implicated in carcinogenesis. However, one can predict…
A: Oncogene is a gene that is responsible for the formation of cancer cells in the body. Mostly the…
Q: In the video, Cancer Warrior, all of the following experimental models were used EXCEPT: a.…
A: Cancer Warrior is the video of Dr. Judah Folkman struggle against the grain of many in the cancer…
Q: Explain Mutations in tumor-suppressor genes are recessive at the cellular level but dominant at the…
A: Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal growth of cells, which tend to proliferate in an…
Q: Cellular levels of tumor suppressor protein p53 is maintained by a ubiquitin ligase protein, called…
A: From the above information, we can make the following inferences - 1. p53, as indicated in the…
Q: Explain the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene.
A: Cancer is the state of uncontrolled cell division.
Q: Discuss the challenges of producing anticancer drugs that counteract the effects of mutations in…
A: Tumor suppressor genes are the genes that decline the cell division process, acts in programmed cell…
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- The search for the BRCA1 breast cancer gene discussed in this chapter was widely publicized in the media (for example, Newsweek, December 6, 1993). Describe the steps taken by Mary-Claire King and her colleagues to clone this gene. How long did this process take?Two genes associated with breast cancer, BRCA1 and BRCA2, were discovered in 1994 and 1995, respectively, and shortly thereafter, were patented by Myriad Genetics, a company based in Utah. Under the patents, testing for mutations in these genes could only be performed by Myriad, at costs from 300 to 3,000. Myriad also patented the process of analyzing the results of such tests, preventing anyone who obtains the sequence of their BRCA genes by other means (which itself would probably be patent infringement) from interpreting the information. The idea that genes can be patented has been a contentious issue from the beginning. Patents are not granted for products of nature, meaning that genes inside the body are not patentable, but biotech companies successfully argued that by removing a gene from the human body, purifying it, and then obtaining its DNA sequence, they created something not found in nature, and which is therefore a patentable invention. The U.S. Patent Office found the argument persuasive, but opponents argue that genes are parts of our bodies and can be identified but not invented. Biotech companies argue that without the protection offered by patents, they would have no incentive for research and development of diagnostic tests. In Europe, patents for BRCA1 and BRCA2 were revoked in 2004 because they did not meet the standards for a patent. After more than a decade of legal disputes, the patents were partially restored in 2008 on a very restricted basis. In the United States, a lawsuit, focused on the patents for the BRCA genes, was filed in May 2009. The suit challenges the basic idea that genes are patentable. In November 2009, the judge ruled that the lawsuit can proceed, and the case is moving forward. In March 2010, a federal court invalidated Myriad Genetics patent on these genes. In August 2011, the U.S. Court of Appeals reversed the lower courts decision and ruled that gene sequences isolated from cells are not a product of nature and are therefore patentable. The case went to the U.S. Supreme Court, which ordered the appeals court to reconsider the case. The Federal Appeals Court did not change its decision, and the case once again, went to the U.S. Supreme Court. A unanimous decision in June 2013 invalidated Myriads patents on the basis that isolating a gene from nature does not make it patentable. This is a landmark decision on gene patenting with widespread ramifications for the biotechnoloogy industry. Will this decision reduce the incentives for companies to invest in new diagnostic tests that would be used by cancer victims or those with serious genetic disorders?A woman has just been diagnosed with breast cancer. Her doctor tells her that while cancer is a multifactorial disease, she carries the breast cancer susceptibility gene, BRCA1. One of her two identical twin 19-year-old daughters is afraid that she also may have inherited the gene.-What considerations would you give her daughter who is worried about inheriting the cancer gene?
- On the image, you can see the results of a DNA microarray used for cancer prognosis, where tissue samples from healthy and cancerous tissues were analyzed. cDNA from healthy cells and cancer cells were labeled with green and red fluorescence, respectively, mixed equally, and hybridized with the chip. It is known that gene A is more highly expressed in breast cancer type I, while genes B and C have lower expression in type II, which is highly aggressive. Based on the gene expression levels shown in the image, the cancer sample does not correspond to either type I or type II breast cancer, why is that?1- You are studying lung cancer and use a microarray to compare gene expression between a lung cancer tumor and healthy adjacent lung tissue. If you label vour cancer cDNAwith red fiuorescence and your normal tissue with green, what color would you expect tumor suppressors to be:© a. GreenU D. RedOc.No color) d. Either Red or Green© e Yellow 2- You want to study histone modifications using Next Generation sequencing. What technique would allow you to do this?© a, Sanger sequencing© b. Fluorescence in situ hybl© c. RNA-SeqOld. ChIP-sed© e. Poymerase Chain Reaction 3-Gertrudae mcfuzzi is a rare (and ficticious) species of bird with colorful tail feathers. All Gertrude mcfuzzi develop 1 tail feather when they are born, and can grow additionaltall teathers during matunty depending on the alleles they inherit at a number of additive loci (T, S, and G) which form the geise/-complex. Each positive (+) allele adds one lalfeather and each negative - allele produces no additional feathers, based…What are the biggest challenges that mutations pose to oncologists and cancer biologists who seek to find novel cures against cancers?
- Can we treat cancer by restoring tumor suppressor function such as mutated p53 or pRb? If so, how can this be?Why does a single mutation in a proto-oncogene, turning it into an oncogene potentially lead to a cancerous phenotype, while it takes two mutations in tumor suppressor genes to lead to a cancerous phenotype?Mutations in the CFTR gene result in cystic fibrosis in humans, a conditions in which abnormal secretions are present in the lungs, pancreas, and sweat glands. The gene was mapped to a 500-kb region on chromosome 7 containing 3 candidate genes. a)Using your knowledge of the disease symptoms, how would you distinguish between the candidate genes to decide which is most likely to encode the CFTR gene? b)How would you prove that your chosen candidate is the CFTR gene?
- Let’s suppose you were interested in developing drugs to preventepigenetic changes that may contribute to cancer. What cellularproteins would be the target of your drugs? What possible sideeffects might your drugs cause?Define about this- Cancer Cells Contain GeneticDefects Affecting Genomic Stability ?In the treatment of cancer, the basis for many types of chemotherapyand radiation therapy is that mutagens are more effective at killingdividing cells than nondividing cells. Explain why. What are possibleharmful side effects of chemotherapy and radiation therapy?