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All Textbook Solutions for Conceptual Physics: The High School Physics Program
60AAtmospheric carbon dioxide strongly absorbs light in the 12.5m to 18m range. What frequency range does this correspond to, and in what part of the electromagnetic spectrum is it?62AA satellite TV company broadcasts its signals from its earthbound broadcast station to a satellite in geosynchronous orbit 36,000 km away and from there back to Earths surface. a. How much time elapses between the time the signal leaves the station and the time it is received by someones satellite dish? b. Explain why the answer doesnt depend very much on exactly where the TV company and the customer are located on Earth.Consider a pulse of laser light aimed at the moon that bounces back to Earth. The distance between Earth and the moon is 3.8108m. a. Show that the round-trip time for the light is 2.5 seconds. b. Why does an astronaut on the moon have to be patient in talking with Mission Control on Earth?Stephen uses his cell phone to talk to Fiona, who is reading downstairs, 12 meters away. The phone signal leaves Stephens phone, travels 6.0 km to a cell tower, and then is immediately sent to Fionas phone. When Stephen speaks, how long does the signal take to get from his phone to Fionas phone? How does this time compare with the time it would take for the sound to travel to Fiona if Stephen instead just yelled downstairs?A light wave has wavelength . a. Write an equation for the frequency of this light. b. Convert the following wavelengths to frequencies in Hz: 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, and 700 nm. c. What happens to the frequency of the light as the wavelength increases?Linseys favorite radio station broadcasts at a frequency f. a. Write an equation for the wavelength of these radio waves. b. What is the ratio of ceiling height h to wavelength for this wave? c. Calculate the answers for parts (a) and (b) above for a frequency of 97.3 MHz and a ceiling height of 2.4 meters,At some point in its solar orbit, Mars is a distance d away from Earth. a. How long, in terms of distance d and the speed of light c, would it take for a radio wave sent by a video camera mounted on a Mars rover to tell people on Earth that the rover is about to go over a cliff? b. How long would it take for a radio signal from Earth to reach the Rover telling it to stop? c. Suppose that Mars is 144 million kilometers from Earth. Calculate the time that elapses between the moment the Mars rover sends a signal to Earth and the time the stop signal returns to the rover?69A1AAre black and white real colors, in the sense that red and green are? Explain.What is emitted by the vibrating electrons of atoms?4AWhy does the color of an object look different under a fluorescent lamp from the way it looks under an incandescent lamp?a. What color(s) of light does a transparent red object transmit? b. What color(s) does it absorb?What is the function of a pigment?Why are more and more fire engines being painted yellow-green instead of red?How can yellow be produced on a screen if only red light and green light are available?What is the name of the color produced by a mixture of green and blue light?11AWhat are complementary colors?What color is the complement of blue?14AWhat colors of ink are used to print full-color pictures in books and magazines?16A17A18AWhy are clouds white?Why are sunsets red?Why is water greenish blue?22A23A24A25A26AOn a TV screen, what dots are activated to produce yellow? Magenta? White?28AIn a dress shop that has only fluorescent lighting, a customer insists on taking a garment into the daylight at the doorway. Is she being reasonable? Explain.30A31AHow could you use the spotlights at a play to make the yellow clothes of the performers suddenly change to black?33AWhat colors of ink do color ink-jet printers use to produce the colors you see?35AYour friend says that red and cyan light produce white light because cyan is green+blue, and so red+green+blue=white. Do you agree or disagree, and why?37A38A39A40AIf the sky on a certain planet in the solar system were normally orange, what color would sunsets be?42A43AThe only light to reach very far beneath the surface of the ocean is greenish blue. Objects at these depths either reflect greenish blue or reflect no color at all. If a ship that is painted red, green, and white sinks to the bottom of the ocean, how will these colors appear?45A46A47A48A49A51AWhat becomes of a waves energy when the wave is totally reflected at a boundary? When it is partially reflected at a boundary?Why do smooth metal surfaces make good mirrors?3A4A5AWhen you view your image in a plane mirror, how far behind the mirror is your image compared with your distance in front of the mirror?In what way does the law of reflection hold for curved mirrors?8AWhat is meant by the idea that a surface may be polished for some waves and rough for others?Distinguish between an echo and a reverberation.11ADistinguish between reflection and refraction.When a wave crosses a surface at an angle from one medium into another, why does it change directions as it moves across the boundary into the new medium?What is the orientation of a ray in relation to the wave front of a wave?Give an example where refraction is abrupt, and another where refraction is gradual.16A17AIf you can see the face of a friend who is underwater, can she also see you?19A20AIs daytime a bit longer or is it a bit shorter because of atmospheric refraction?As light passes through a transparent medium, it undergoes an absorption-reemission process (discussed earlier, in Figure 27.7). Which interacts more with the medium, light of high frequencies or light of low frequencies? (Do high frequencies or low frequencies lag behind?)Why does blue light refract at greater angles than red light in transparent materials?24A25A26A27AWheels from a toy cart are rolled from a concrete sidewalk onto the following surfaces. (A) a paved driveway (B) a grass lawn (C) close-cropped grass (like that on a golf-course putting green) Due to slowing, each set of wheels bends at the boundary and is deflected from its original course. Rank the surfaces according to the amount each set of wheels bends at the boundary, from greatest amount of bending to least amount of bending.Identical rays of light enter three transparent blocks composed of different materials. Light slows upon entering the blocks. Rank the blocks according to the speed light travels in each, from highest speed to lowest speed.30AOn a steamy mirror, wipe an area just large enough to allow you to see your full face. How tall will the wiped area be compared with the vertical dimension of your face?Suppose that a mirror and three lettered cards are set up as in the figure. If a persons eye is at point P, which of the lettered cards will be seen reflected in the mirror? Explain.33A34A35A36AWhy is an echo weaker than the original sound?Suppose you are standing downwind from a barking dog on a windy day. The wind blows faster well above the ground than close to the ground. Refraction will change the sound of the dogs bark. Will the sound of the bark be somewhat louder or some-what diminished? Defend your answer.Does the reflection of a scene in calm water look exactly the same as the scene itself only upside down? (Hint: Place a mirror on the floor between you and a table. Do you see the top of the table in the reflected image?)If you were spearing a fish with a spear, would you aim above, below, or directly at the observed fish to make a direct hit? Would your answer be the same if you used laser light to spear' the fish? Defend your answer.The photo below shows two identical cola bottles, each with the same amount of cola. The right bottle is in air, and the left bottle is encased in solid plastic that has nearly the same index of refraction as glass (the speed of light in the plastic and in glass are nearly the same). Which bottle shows an illusion of the amount of cola? How does the other bottle give a truer view of its contents?How do the different speeds of light in thin air and dense air affect the length of daylight?Very short pulses of red light and blue light enter a glass block normal to its surface at the same time. Which pulse exits first?44A45A46A47AWhen light strikes glass perpendicularly, about 4% of the light is reflected at each surface. Show that the amount of light transmitted through a pane of window glass is approximately 92%.Suppose you walk toward a mirror at 1 m/s. How fast do you and your image approach each other? (The answer is not 1 m/s.)A radio wave sent into space strikes an asteroid and is reflected back to Earth 1 second after being emitted. How far away is the asteroid?A spider hangs by a strand of silk at eye level 20 cm in front of a plane mirror. You are behind the spider, 50 cm from the mirror. Show that the distance between your eye and the image of the spider in the mirror is 70 cm.52AStand in front of a mirror and put two pieces of tape on the glass: one piece where you see the top of your head, and the other where you see the bottom of your feet. Compare the distance between the pieces of tape with your height. If a full-length mirror is not handy, use a smaller mirror and find the minimum length of mirror to see your face. Mark where you see the top of your head and the bottom of your chin. Then compare the distance between the marks with the length of your face. What must be the minimum length of a plane mirror in order for you to see a full view of yourself?What effect does your distance from the mirror have on the answer to Activity 53? (Hint: Move closer and farther from your initial position. Be sure the top of your head lines up with the top piece of tape. At greater distances, is your image smaller than, larger than, or the same size as the space between the pieces of tape?) Are you surprised?55A1A2ADistinguish between a virtual image and a real image.There are three convenient rays commonly used in ray diagrams to estimate the position of an image. Describe these three rays in terms of their orientation with respect to the principal axis and focal points.5A6AWhat types of images are formed by converging lenses?What types of images are formed by diverging lenses?9AWhat is the function of the eyepiece in an astronomical telecsope?What type of lenses are used in a compound microscope?Which instrument—a telescope, a compound microscope, or a camera—is most similar to the eye?13A14A15A16APercy stands at different distances from a lens with a focal length of 30 cm. Rank the image distance from farthest to Percy to closest to Percy. (A) Object is at 10 (B) Object is at 35 cm. (C) Object is at 60 cm. (D) Object is at 90 cm.Depending on the location of Percy relative to the focal point of the converging lens (only one of the symmetrical focal points is shown here), the image may be real or virtual. The size of the image varies for object positions A, B, and C. Rank the image sizes from largest to smallest. (You may want to draw ray diagrams on a separate piece of paper.)Here Percy is in front of a diverging lens. Virtual images are seen by viewing from the right side of the lens. For object positions A, B, and C, rank the sizes of the virtual images from largest to smallest.When you cover the top half of a camera lens, what effect does this have on the pictures taken?What will happen to the image projected onto a screen by a lens when you cover most of the lens?22AHow could you demonstrate that an image was indeed a real image?24AIn terms of focal length, how far is the camera lens from the film or chip when very distant objects are being photographed?Can you photograph yourself in a mirror and focus the camera on both your image and the mirror frame? Explain.If you take a photograph of your image in a plane mirror, how many meters away should you set your focus if you are 2 m in front of the mirror?Copy the three drawings in the figure. Then use ray diagrams to find the image of each arrow.Maps of the moon are actually upside down. Why is this so?The real image produced by a converging lens is inverted. Our eyes have converging lenses. Does this mean the images you see are upside down on your retinas? Explain.In which case does light undergo the greater change in speed—traveling in air and entering a glass lens, or traveling in water and entering a glass lens?In which case is refraction greater, light in water entering a glass lens, or light in air entering a glass lens?From water to glass, the change in the speed of light is less than from air to glass. Does this mean a magnifying glass submerged in water will magnify more or less than in air?A whales eye uses hydraulics to move the lens of its eye closer or farther from the retina. When a whale dives after having had a look around in the air, in which direction should the lens be moved?Focal-length variations in birds and reptiles are accomplished by eye muscles that change lens thickness and curvature. For near vision, should the lens be made thicker and more curved or thinner and less curved?36AIf you have ever watched a water strider or other insect upon the surface of water, you may have noticed a large shadow cast by the contact point where the thin legs touch the water surface. Then around the shadow is a bright ring. What accounts for this?What is responsible for the rainbow-colored fringe commonly seen at the edges of a spot of white light from the beam of a slide projector?Waves overlap very little in the image of a pinhole camera. Does this feature contribute to sharpness or to a blurry image?40A41ADetermine the magnification power of a lens by focusing on the lines of a ruled piece of paper. Count the spaces between the lines that fit into one magnified space, and you have the magnification power of the lens. For example, if three spaces fit into one magnified space, then the magnification power of the lens is 3. Describe how you can do the same with binoculars and a distant brick wall.Make a pinhole camera, as illustrated in the figure. Cut out one end of a small cardboard box,- and cover the end with tissue paper. Make a clean-cut pinhole at the other end. Aim the camera at a bright Object in a darkened room, and you will see an upside-down image on the translucent tissue paper. In a dark, windowless room, if you replace the tissue paper with unexposed photographic film, cover the back so it is light-tight, and cover the pinhole with a removable flap, you will be ready to take a picture. Exposure times differ, depending mostly on the kind of film and the amount of light. Try different exposure times, starting with about 3 seconds. Also try boxes of various lengths. You'll find everything in focus in your photographs, but the pictures will not have clear-cut, sharp outlines. The principal difference between your pinhole camera and a commercial one is the glass lens, which is larger than the pinhole and there-fore admits more light in less time.What is Huygens' principle?a. Waves spread out when they pass through an opening. Does spreading become more or less pronounced for narrower openings? b. What is this spreading called?Does diffraction aid or hinder radio reception?Does diffraction aid or hinder the viewing of images in a microscope?Is it possible for a wave to be canceled by another wave? Defend your answer.6AWhat was Thomas Youngs discovery?8AWhat is a diffraction grating?10A11AIf a soap bubble is thick enough to cancel yellow by interference, what color will it appear if illuminated by white light?Why is gasoline that is spilled on a wet surface so colorful?What is an interferometer, and on what physics principle is it based?15A16A17A18A19A20ADark and light fringes on the screen are produced by interference. In the following scenarios, a change is made to either the light source or the spacing d between slits A and B. Rank them by the distance between fringes, from greatest to least. (A) Slit spacing d between A and B is reduced to 0.9d. (B) Slit spacing d between A and B is increased to 1.1d. (C) Wavelength of light is doubled.Suppose the speakers at an open-air rock concert are pointed forward. You move about and notice that the sounds of female vocalists can be heard in front of the stage, but very little off to the sides. By comparison you notice that bass sounds can be heard quite well both in front and off to the sides. What is your explanation?In our everyday environment, diffraction is much more evident for sound waves than for light waves. Why is this so?Why do radio waves diffract around buildings while light waves do not?Suppose a pair of loudspeakers a meter or so apart emit pure tones of the same frequency and loudness. When a listener walks past in a path parallel to the line that joins the loudspeakers, the sound is heard to alternate from loud to soft. What is going on?In the preceding question, suggest a path along which the listener could walk so as not to hear alternate loud and soft sounds.When monochromatic light illuminates a pair of thin slits, an interference pattern is produced on a wall behind. How will the distance between the fringes of the pattern for red light differ from that for blue light?Seashells, butterfly wings, and the feathers of some birds often change color as you look at them from different positions. Explain this phenomenon in terms of light interference.When Thomas Young performed his interference experiment, monochromatic light passed through a single narrow opening before it reached the double openings. Explain why this made the fringes clear. (Hint: What would be the result if light reaching the double openings came from several different directions?)If you notice the interference patterns of a thin film of oil or gasoline on water, you'll note that the colors form complete rings. How are these rings similar to the lines of equal elevation on a contour map?Figure 31.19 shows destructive interference of blue light waves reflected from the top gasoline surface and from the top water surface. If white light is incident at the same angle, the eye sees yellow light. Would changing the viewing angle still produce yellow light? Would changing the thickness of the gasoline layer still show yellow? Defend your answers.32AThe interference colors seen in soap bubbles are not reds, greens, and blues, but instead are magentas, yellows, and cyans. Why?34AWhich force—gravitational or electrical—repels as well as attracts?Gravitational forces depend on the property called mass. What comparable property underlies electrical forces?How do protons and electrons differ in their electric charge?4AWhich has more mass—a proton or an electron?6Aa. How do like charges behave toward each other? b. How do unlike charges behave toward each other?How does a negative ion differ from a positive ion?What does it mean to say that charge is conserved?a. If electrons are rubbed from cats fur onto a rubber rod, does the rod become positively or negatively charged? b. How about the cats fur?a. How is Coulombs law similar to Newtons law of gravitation? b. How are the two laws different?The SI unit of mass is the kilogram. What is the SI unit of charge?The proportionality constant k in Coulombs law is huge in ordinary units, whereas the proportionality constant G in Newtons law of gravity is tiny. What does this mean in terms of the relative strengths of these two forces?14A15AWhich two methods of charging objects involve touching?Which method of charging objects involves no touching?What is lightning?What is the function of a lightning rod?What does it mean to say an object is electrically polarized?When a charged object polarizes another, why is there an attraction between the objects?What is an electric dipole?The three pairs of metal spheres below are all the same size and have different charges on their surfaces, as indicated. The pairs of spheres are brought into contact with each other. After several moments the spheres are separated. Rank from greatest to least the total amount of charge on the pairs of spheres after separation.Three separate pairs of uncharged metal spheres are in contact. A (positively or negatively) charged rod is brought up to the same distance from each set of spheres. Rank the resulting charge on each sphere from greatest positive to greatest negative.Indicated below are pairs of electric charges in three different arrangements. In each figure, a test charge is located at the point labeled P. The other, much larger, charges all have the same magnitude and lie on a line that passes through P. Note some charges are positive and some are negative. Rank the arrangements on the basis of the strength of the electric force on the test charge, from strongest to weakest.Shown below are three separate pairs of point charges, pairs A, B, and C. Assume the pairs interact only with each other. Rank the magnitudes of the force between the pairs, from largest to smallest.Electrical forces between charges are enormous relative to gravitational forces. Yet, we normally dont sense electrical forces between us and our environment, while we do sense our gravitational interaction with Earth. Why is this so?Two equally charged particles exert equal forces on each other. Suppose that the charge on one of the particles is doubled. The charge on the other remains the same. a. How much stronger is the force between them? b. How does the force change if the charges of both particles are doubled?How will the forces between two charged particles compare when one particle has ten times as much charge as the other? Defend your answer.If electrons were positive and protons negative, would Coulombs law be written the same or differently?If you scuff electrons from your hair onto a comb, are you positively or negatively charged? How about the comb?The five thousand billion billion freely moving electrons in a penny repel one another. Why dont they fly out of the penny?If a glass rod that is rubbed with a plastic dry cleaners bag acquires a certain change, why does the plastic bag have exactly the same amount of opposite charge?Why do clothes often cling together after tumbling in a clothes dryer?Why will dust be attracted to a CD wiped with a dry cloth?When one material is rubbed against another, electrons jump readily from one to the other, but protons do not. Why is this? (Think in atomic terms.)Plastic wrap becomes electrically charged when pulled from its container. Does the charged wrap stick better to glass bowls or metal bowls?Explain how an object that is electrically neutral can be attracted to an object that is charged.An electroscope is a simple device. It consists of a metal ball that is attached by a conductor to two fine gold leaves that are protected from air disturbances in a jar, as shown in the sketch. When the ball is touched by a charged object, the leaves that normally hang straight down spring apart. Why? (Electroscopes are useful not only as charge detectors, but also for measuring the amount of charge: the more charge transferred to the ball, the more the leaves diverge.)Would it be necessary for a charged object to actually touch the leaves of an electroscope (see Question 39) for the leaves to diverge? Defend your answer.Figure 32.12 shows a negatively charged plastic comb attracting bits of paper with no net charge. If the comb were positively charged, would it attract the same bits of paper? Defend your answer.When a car is moved into a painting chamber, a mist of paint is sprayed around it. When the body of the car is given a sudden electric charge and the mist of paint is attracted to it, presto—the car is quickly and uniformly painted. W*hat does the phenomenon of polarization have to do with this?Imagine a proton at rest a certain distance from a negatively charged plate. It is released and collides with the plate. Then imagine the similar case of an electron at rest the same distance away from a plate of equal and opposite charge. In which case would the moving particle have the greater speed when the collision occurs? Why?Consider a pair of particles with equal charges. When released, they fly apart from each other. Your teacher asks how the speeds will compare when they are ten times farther apart than when first released. Jess says that since the force on the particles decreases with distance, their speeds will be less. Marie says no, the speed of the repelled particles increases as long as they interact with each other. With whom do you agree or disagree, and why?A pair of isolated protons will fly apart from each other. The same is true for a pair of isolated electrons. Your teacher asks which has the greater initial acceleration if the initial distance between the particles is the same. Sophia says the initial accelerations will be equal because the forces are equal. Sandra says no, that the electrons will accelerate more—but cant explain why. Both look to you for your input. What is your thinking?The charge on an electron is 1.61019C. How many electrons make a charge of 1 C?By how much is the electrical force between a pair of ions reduced when their separation distance is doubled? Tripled?Two pellets, each with a charge of 1C, are separated by a distance of 0.30 m. Show that the electric force between them is 0.1 N.Two identical metal spheres are brought together into contact. Originally one had a charge of +40C and the other a charge of 10C. What is the charge on each after contact?Consider two small charged objects, one with a charge of 15C and the other of unknown charge. When they are separated by a distance of 1.2 m, each exerts a force of 2.8 N on the other. What is the charge of the second object?Proportional reasoning: Consider a pair of electrically charged coins suspended from insulating threads, a certain distance from each other. There is a specific amount of electrostatic force between them. a. If the charge on one coin were halved, what would happen to the force between them? b. If the charges on both coins were doubled, what would happen to the force between them? c. If the distance between the coins were tripled, what would happen to the force between them? d. If the distance between them were reduced to one-fourth the original distance, what would happen to the force between them? e. If the charge on each object were doubled and the distance between them were doubled, what would happen to the force between them?Two spherical inflated rubber balloons each have the same amount of charge spread uniformly on their surfaces. If the repelling force is 2.5 N and the distance between the balloon centers is 0.30 m, find how much charge is on each balloon.What is meant by the expression action at a distance?How does the concept of a field eliminate the idea of action at a distance?How are a gravitational field and an electric field similar?Why is an electric field considered a vector quantity?a. What are electric field lines? b. How do their directions compare with the direction of the force that acts on a positive test charge in the same region?How is the strength of an electric field indicated with field lines?Describe the electric field lines in the space between a pair of parallel plates with equal and opposite charges.Why are occupants safe inside a car struck by lightning?a. Can gravity be shielded? b. Can electric fields be shielded?What happens to the electric field inside a conductor when free charges arrange themselves on its surface?What is the relationship between the amount of work you do on an object and its potential energy?What will happen to the electrical potential energy of a charged particle in an electric field when the particle is released and free to move?Clearly distinguish between electrical potential energy and electric potential.If you do more work to move more charge a certain distance against an electric field, and increase the electrical potential energy as a result, why do you not also increase the electric potential?The SI unit for electrical potential energy is the joule. What is the SI unit for electric potential?Charge must be present at a location in order for there to be electrical potential energy. Must charge also be present at a location for there to be electric potential?How can electric potential be high when electrical potential energy is relatively low?How does the amount of charge on the plate of a charged capacitor compare with the amount of charge on the opposite plate?How does the amount of charge on the inside surface of the sphere of a charged Van de Graaff generator compare with the amount on the outside?How much voltage can be built up on a Van de Graaff generator of 1 m radius before electric discharge occurs through the air?The diagrams A, B, and C represent pairs of charges in three different arrangements. The distance from point P to the nearest charge is the same in each arrangement. Rank the arrangements A, B, and C from strongest to weakest electric field at point P.Rank from greatest to least the force on the following particles in the following electric fields. (A) 6q in field E (B) 4q in field 2E (C) q in field 3EThree charged particles are in an electric field E. Rank their accelerations from greatest to least: (A) charge q, mass m (B) charge 3q, mass 2m (C) charge 2q, mass mA charged ball is suspended by a string in a uniform electric field pointing to the right. The string makes an angle with the vertical, as two forces act on the ball—one gravitational and the other electric. Consider the following three scenarios for the balls mass and charge. (A) mass=3g;charge=2nC (B) mass=6g;charge=8nC (C) mass=9g;charge=4nC Rank, from greatest to least, the angle the string makes with the vertical.Shown below are three hollow copper spheres. Sphere A has a radius R, Sphere B has a radius of 2R, and Sphere C has a radius 3R. On each sphere is a charge, as indicated, which is evenly distributed over the spheres surface. (Each sphere is independent of the others; they dont influence one another.) a. Rank from greatest to least the magnitude of the electric fields at a distance 4R from the center of the spheres. b. Rank the field strengths at the center of the spheres. c. Rank the potentials at distance 4R (assuming the potential at infinity is zero). d. Suppose the charge is redistributed so that all three spheres have identical charges. Rank the fields at distance 4R from greatest to least.How is an electric field different from a gravitational field?The vectors for the gravitational field of Earth point toward Earth; the vectors for the electric field of a proton point away from the proton. Explain.Imagine an electron and a proton held midway between the plates of a charged parallel plate capacitor. If they are released, how do their accelerations and directions of travel compare? (Ignore their attraction to each other.) Which reaches a capacitor plate first?Suppose that the strength of the electric field about an isolated point charge has a certain value at a distance of 1 m. How will the electric field strength compare at a distance of 2 m from the point charge? What law guides your answer?When a conductor is charged, the charge moves to the outer surface of the conductor. What property of charge accounts for this spreading?Suppose that a metal tile cabinet is charged. How will the charge concentration at the corners of the cabinet compare with the charge concentration on the flat parts of the cabinet? Defend your answer.Does an object with twice the electric potential of another have twice the electrical potential energy? Explain.You are not harmed by contact with a charged balloon, even though its voltage is very high. Is the reason for this similar to why you are not harmed by the greater-than-100C sparks from a Fourth of July-type sparkler (like the one shown on page 404)?Why does your hair stand out when you are charged by a device such as a Van de Graaff generator?If you put in 10 joules of work to push 1 coulomb of charge against an electric field, what will be its voltage with respect to its starting position? When released, what will be its kinetic energy if it flies past its Starting position?At a particular point near a second charge, a 50-C charge experiences a force of 2.0 N. What is the electric field strength at that point? 1C=106coulombWhen placed near another charge, a 20-C charge experiences an attractive force of 0.080 N. Show that the electric field strength at the location of the 20-C charge is 4000 N/C.A 12-C charge is located in a 350-N/C electric field. Show that the charge experiences a force of 0.0042 N.a. If you do 12 J of work to push 0.001 C of charge from point A to point B in an electric field, what is the voltage difference between points A and B? b. When the charge is released, what will be its kinetic energy as it flies back past its starting point A? What principle guides your answer?What is the voltage at the location of a 0.0001-C charge that has an electrical potential energy of 0.5 J? Both voltage and potential energy are measured relative to the same reference point.a. Suppose that you start with a charge of 0.002 C in an electric field and find that it takes 24 T of work to move the charge from point A to point B. What is the voltage difference between points A and B? b. If the charge is released, what is its kinetic energy as it flies back past point A?Point A is at +10V, point B is at +7V, and point C is at 0 V. Show that it takes a. 6 J of work to move 2 C of charge from point B to point A. b. 14 J of work to move 2 C of charge from point C to point B. c. 20 J of work to move 2 C of charge from point C to point A.In a hydrogen atom, the proton and the electron q=1.61019C are separated by an average distance of 51011m. a. Calculate the force that the proton exerts on the electron at this distance. b. Show that the electric field strength at the average location of the electron is an enormous 61011N/C.The potential difference between a storm cloud and the ground is 5.0107 volts. During a lightning flash, 3.0 coulombs of charge are transferred to the ground. a. How much energy is transferred to the ground in this lightning flash? b. If this much energy were used to accelerate a 3500-kg truck from rest, how fast would the truck end up going?What condition is necessary for the flow of heat? What analogous condition is necessary for the flow of charge?What is meant by the term potential? What is meant by potential difference?What condition is necessary for the sustained flow of water in a pipe? What analogous condition is necessary for the sustained flow of charge in a wire?What is electric current?What is an ampere?What is voltage?How many joules per coulomb are given to charges that flow in a 120-volt circuit?Does charge flow through a circuit or into a circuit?Does voltage flow through a circuit, or is voltage established across a circuit?What is electric resistance?Is electric resistance greater in a short fat wire or a long thin wire?What is Ohms law?