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All Textbook Solutions for An Introduction to Physical Science

7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC 11MC 12MC 13MC 14MC How does sedimentary rock from the ocean floor sometimes end up in highland and mountainous regions on the Earth? (22.5) (a) Sedimentary rock is commonly made inside volcanoes. (b) Wind and water carry the sediment to the mountaintops. (c) It is believed that asteroid impacts probably caused the sedimentary rock to move great distances. (d) The sedimentary rock was uplifted by powerful forces to form mountain chains.16MC What is the process of transforming sediment into sedimentary rock called?(22.5) (a) lithification (b) striation (c) metamorphism (d) hardening 18MC 19MC Which metamorphic change is brought about primarily by heat? (22.6) (a) shear (b) contact (c) hydrothermal (d) regional 1FIB 2FIB 3FIB 4FIB Rocks solidified from molten material, either below or above ground, are classified as ___ rocks. (22.2)6FIB 7FIB 8FIB 9FIB 10FIB 11FIB Intrusive igneous rock formations that lie more or less parallel to older formations are said to be ___. (22.4)13FIB 14FIB 15FIB 16FIB 17FIB The sedimentary rock called shale metamorphoses into the rock called ___. (22.6)19FIB 20FIB What is a mineral, and what is the study of minerals called?2SA 3SA 4SA What are the limits of the Mohs scale? Give an example mineral at each limit.6SA Define the mineralogical terms luster and streak.8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA 16SA 17SA 18SA 19SA 20SA 21SA 22SA 23SA 24SA 25SA 26SA 27SA 28SA Distinguish among contact, shear, and hydrothermal metamorphism.30SA 31SA 1VC 1AYK While in Hawaii, you want to visit Mauna Loa. Your friend, however, is afraid to go anywhere near the volcano because it might explode like Mount Saint Helens. Explain to your friend why Mauna Loa, which erupts regularly, can be expected to erupt peacefully. Then explain how geologists knew in advance that if and when Mount Saint Helens blew, it would be a dangerously explosive eruption.You are given five transparent objects: a calcite crystal, a diamond, a piece of window glass, a sample of quartz, and a piece of zircon. How would you go about identifying each sample? How would they rank on the Mohs hardness scale?In lab, your instructor hands you a steel-gray mineral and asks you to identify it. You find that the mineral gives a red-brown streak. What is the minerals probable identity?5AYK 6AYK 7AYK 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM 1MC 2MC 3MC Chemical weathering can be determined by analyzing what property of a rock? (23.1) (a) temperature (b) density (c) composition (d) mass 5MC 6MC 7MC 8MC 9MC What energy source powers the Earths hydrologic cycle? (23.3) (a) ocean currents (b) solar insolation (c) Earths rotational energy (d) geothermal power 11MC 12MC 1FIB 2FIB 3FIB 4FIB 5FIB 6FIB 7FIB 8FIB 9FIB 10FIB 11FIB 12FIB 1SA 2SA 3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA What are the pros and cons of living on a floodplain?11SA 12SA 13SA Describe each of the following and state whether it is a fast or a slow type of mass wasting: (a) rockslide, (b) creep, and (c) slump.15SA 16SA 17SA 18SA What are problems associated with groundwater extraction?20SA 21SA 22SA 23SA 24SA 1VC The Moon has neither an atmosphere nor surface water. Can mass wasting occur on the Moon? Explain.2AYK Figure 23.26a is a photograph of Cleopatras Needle as it appeared for 3500 years in Egypt. Figure 23.26b is the same structure after spending 100 years in New York City. Describe the various weathering processes that caused the disintegration. Figure 23.26 Cleopatras Needle These photographs show Cleopatras Needle (a) before and (b) after standing in New York City since 1879. See Applying Your Knowledge Question 3.4AYK 5AYK Suppose that you collected a bucket of water from a stream. What part of the streams load would settle to the bottom of the bucket? What part would not settle? What part would probably not even be in the bucket?Are dinosaur footprints fossils?2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 24.1CE 24.2CE 1PQ 2PQ 24.3CE 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 24.4CE KEY TERMS 1. geologic time (Intro) 2. fossil (24.1) 3. paleontology 4. amber 5. replacement fossil 6. mold 7. cast 8. trace fossil 9. relative geologic time (24.2) 10. principle of original horizontality 11. principle of superposition 12. principle of cross-cutting relationships 13. unconformities 14. correlation 15. index fossils 16. eons 17. eras 18. periods 19. absolute (numerical) geologic time (24.3) 20. radiometric dating 21. carbon-14 dating 22. geologic time scale (24.5) 23. Cambrian explosion 24. Great Dying 25. epochs 26. K-T event For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. a. _____ Widespread, easily identified fossils that are typical of a particular time segment of the Earths history KEY TERMS 1. geologic time (Intro) 2. fossil (24.1) 3. paleontology 4. amber 5. replacement fossil 6. mold 7. cast 8. trace fossil 9. relative geologic time (24.2) 10. principle of original horizontality 11. principle of superposition 12. principle of cross-cutting relationships 13. unconformities 14. correlation 15. index fossils 16. eons 17. eras 18. periods 19. absolute (numerical) geologic time (24.3) 20. radiometric dating 21. carbon-14 dating 22. geologic time scale (24.5) 23. Cambrian explosion 24. Great Dying 25. epochs 26. K-T event For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. b. _____ The most devastating extinction that has ever occurred CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM ZM 1MC 2MC 3MC What is the name for the type of fossil formed when mineral material fills a rocks hollow depression that once contained an embedded bone? (24.1) (a) mold (b) cast (c) trace fossil (d) nodule 5MC What is obtained when rocks and geologic events are put into chronologic order without regard to the actual dates? (24.2) (a) absolute (numerical) geologic time (b) relative geologic time (c) a geologic formation (d) a correlation period 7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC If the half-life of a radioactive specimen is 100 years, then how long will it take for the specimen to reach 25% of its original amount? (24.3) (a) 25 years (b) 50 years (c) 100 years (d) 200 years 12MC 13MC 14MC 15MC 16MC 17MC 18MC 19MC 20MC 1FIB 2FIB 3FIB 4FIB 5FIB 6FIB 7FIB 8FIB 9FIB 10FIB 11FIB 12FIB 13FIB 14FIB 15FIB 16FIB 17FIB 18FIB 19FIB 20FIB What is meant by the phrase geologic time?Why are so few fossils of worms found?3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA How do fossils aid in oil exploration?10SA How might the principle of superposition be violated?12SA 13SA 14SA 15SA 16SA What four features characterize the best index fossils?18SA 19SA 20SA 21SA 22SA 23SA 24SA 25SA 26SA Carbon-14 dating measures the ratio of carbon-14 not to its daughter, nitrogen-14, but instead to what isotope?What are the three conditions for using an isotope in a rock to date that rock?Distinguish between primordial lead and radiogenic lead.30SA 31SA 32SA 33SA 34SA 35SA 36SA 37SA 38SA What biologic event is used by geologists to separate the Tertiary period from the Quaternary period?What is the biological event that started the Paleozoic era called?41SA 42SA 43SA In what period and era were the great coal-forming forests alive?About how many days on the geologic time calendar were the dinosaurs present? To how many years does this correspond?1VC What are the strengths and weaknesses of the radiometric dating method?2AYK 3AYK 4AYK 5AYK 1E 2E Figure 24.21 Relative Dating See Exercises 3 and 4. 3. Refer to Fig. 24.21. (a) Which rock stratum is younger, A or C? What geologic principle did you use? (b) Which is younger, the rock stratum marked C or the igneous intrusion marked E? What geologic principle did you use?Figure 24.21 Relative Dating See Exercises 3 and 4. 4. Refer to Fig. 24.21. (a) Which is younger, the rock stratum C or the fault marked D? What geologic principle did you use? (b) Which is younger, the fault marked D or the igneous intrusion marked E? What geologic principle did you use?Metamorphic rock shows that only 25% of its original potassium-40 remains. What is the minimum age of the rock? The half-life of K-40 is 1.3 billion years.6E 7E Suppose that one species of index fossil lived between 410 and 380 mya and another lived between 440 and 350 mya. What can be said about the age of a rock that contains fossils of both species? Figure 24.22 Absolute Dating of Sedimentary Rocks See Exercise 7.

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