Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for An Introduction to Physical Science
10EOn a brisk walk, a person burns about 325 Cal/h. At this rate, how many hours of brisk walking would it take to lose 1 lb of body fat? (See Exercise 9.)12EHow much heat in kcal must be added to 0.50 kg of water at room temperature (20C) to raise its temperature to 30C?14E(a) How much energy is necessary to heat 1.0 kg of water from room temperature (20C) to its boiling point? (Assume no energy loss.) (b) If electrical energy were used, how much would it cost at 12 per kWh?Equal amounts of heat are added to equal masses of aluminum and iron at the same initial temperature. Which metal will have the higher final temperature, and how much greater will that temperature change be than the temperature change of the other metal?How much heat is necessary to change 500 g of ice at 10C to water at 20C?A quantity of steam (300 g) at 110C is condensed, and the resulting water is frozen into ice at 0C. How much heat was removed?19EA fire breaks out and increases the Kelvin temperature of a cylinder of compressed gas by a factor of 1.2. What is the final pressure of the gas relative to its initial pressure?A cylinder of gas is at room temperature (20C). The air conditioner breaks down, and the temperature rises to 40C. What is the new pressure of the gas relative to its initial pressure?A cylinder of gas at room temperature has a pressure p1. To what temperature in degrees Celsius would the temperature have to be increased for the pressure to be 1.5p1?A quantity of gas in a piston cylinder has a volume of 0.500 m3 and a pressure of 200 Pa. The piston compresses the gas to 0.150 m3 in an isothermal (constant-temperature) process. What is the final pressure of the gas?If the gas in Exercise 23 is initially at room temperature (20C) and is heated in an isobaric (constant-pressure) process, then what will be the temperature of the gas in degrees Celsius when it has expanded to a volume of 0.700 m3?What causes waves, and how and what do they propagate?Is matter propagated by waves?What is the distinguishing difference between longitudinal and transverse waves?2PQA sound wave has a speed of 344 m/s and a wavelength of 0.500 m. What is the frequency of the wave?1PQWhat is the speed of light in vacuum?The station in this example is an AM station, which generally uses kHz frequencies. FM stations have MHz frequencies. What is the wavelength of an FM station with an assigned frequency of 90.0 MHz?What is the frequency range of human hearing?2PQ6.3CE1PQWhat is necessary for a jet aircraft to generate a sonic boom?1PQWhat does resonance mean in terms of a systems energy?KEY TERMS 1. waves (6.1) 2. longitudinal wave (6.2) 3. transverse wave 4. wavelength 5. amplitude 6. frequency 7. hertz 8. period 9. wave speed 10. electromagnetic spectrum (6.3) 11. speed of light 12. sound (6.4) 13. sound spectrum 14. intensity 15. decibel 16. ultrasound 17. speed of sound 18. Doppler effect (6.5) 19. redshift 20. standing waves (6.6) 21. resonance For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. a. _____ Distance between two wave maximaKEY TERMS 1. waves (6.1) 2. longitudinal wave (6.2) 3. transverse wave 4. wavelength 5. amplitude 6. frequency 7. hertz 8. period 9. wave speed 10. electromagnetic spectrum (6.3) 11. speed of light 12. sound (6.4) 13. sound spectrum 14. intensity 15. decibel 16. ultrasound 17. speed of sound 18. Doppler effect (6.5) 19. redshift 20. standing waves (6.6) 21. resonance For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. b. _____ Unit equivalent to 1/sKEY TERMS 1. waves (6.1) 2. longitudinal wave (6.2) 3. transverse wave 4. wavelength 5. amplitude 6. frequency 7. hertz 8. period 9. wave speed 10. electromagnetic spectrum (6.3) 11. speed of light 12. sound (6.4) 13. sound spectrum 14. intensity 15. decibel 16. ultrasound 17. speed of sound 18. Doppler effect (6.5) 19. redshift 20. standing waves (6.6) 21. resonance For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. c. _____ Apparent change of frequency because of relative motionKEY TERMS 1. waves (6.1) 2. longitudinal wave (6.2) 3. transverse wave 4. wavelength 5. amplitude 6. frequency 7. hertz 8. period 9. wave speed 10. electromagnetic spectrum (6.3) 11. speed of light 12. sound (6.4) 13. sound spectrum 14. intensity 15. decibel 16. ultrasound 17. speed of sound 18. Doppler effect (6.5) 19. redshift 20. standing waves (6.6) 21. resonance For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. d. _____ Unit of sound intensity levelEMFMGMHMIMJMKMLMMMKEY TERMS 1. waves (6.1) 2. longitudinal wave (6.2) 3. transverse wave 4. wavelength 5. amplitude 6. frequency 7. hertz 8. period 9. wave speed 10. electromagnetic spectrum (6.3) 11. speed of light 12. sound (6.4) 13. sound spectrum 14. intensity 15. decibel 16. ultrasound 17. speed of sound 18. Doppler effect (6.5) 19. redshift 20. standing waves (6.6) 21. resonance For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. n. _____ 3.00 108 m/sOMPMQMRMSMTMKEY TERMS 1. waves (6.1) 2. longitudinal wave (6.2) 3. transverse wave 4. wavelength 5. amplitude 6. frequency 7. hertz 8. period 9. wave speed 10. electromagnetic spectrum (6.3) 11. speed of light 12. sound (6.4) 13. sound spectrum 14. intensity 15. decibel 16. ultrasound 17. speed of sound 18. Doppler effect (6.5) 19. redshift 20. standing waves (6.6) 21. resonance For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. u. _____ Particle motion and wave velocity parallelA wave with particle oscillation parallel to the direction of propagation is a(n) _____ . (6.2) (a) transverse wave (b) longitudinal wave (c) light wave (d) none of the precedingIf a piece of ribbon were tied to a stretched string carrying a transverse wave, then how is the ribbon observed to oscillate? (6.2) (a) perpendicular to wave direction (b) parallel to wave direction (c) neither (a) nor (b) (d) both (a) and (b)3MC4MCWhich of the following is true for electromagnetic waves? (6.3) (a) They have different speeds in vacuum for different frequencies. (b) They are longitudinal waves. (c) They require a medium for propagation. (d) None of the preceding is true.Which one of the following regions has frequencies slightly greater than the visible region in the electromagnetic spectrum? (6.3) (a) radio wave (b) ultraviolet (c) infrared (d) microwaveThe speed of sound is generally greatest in ____ . (6.4) (a) gases (b) liquids (c) solids (d) vacuumWhich of the following sound frequencies could be heard by the human ear? (6.4) (a) 25 kHz (b) 10,000 Hz (c) 24,000 Hz (d) all of the precedingA sound with an intensity level of 30 dB is how many times louder than the threshold of hearing? (6.4) (a) 10 (b) 3000 (c) 100 (d) 1000A moving observer approaches a stationary sound source. What does the observer hear? (6.5) (a) an increase in frequency (b) a decrease in frequency (c) the same frequency as the source11MC12MCWhich of the following occur(s) when a stretched string is shaken at one of its natural frequencies? (6.6) (a) standing waves (b) resonance (c) maximum energy transfer (d) all of the preceding1FIBWave velocity and particle motion are ___ in transverse waves. (6.2)3FIBWave speed is equal to frequency times ___. (6.2)5FIB6FIB7FIB8FIB9FIB10FIBIn the Doppler effect, when a moving sound source approaches a stationary observer, the apparent shift in frequency is ___. (6.5)A Doppler blueshift in light from a star indicates that the star is ___. (6.5)13FIB1SA2SAA wave travels upward in a medium (vertical wave velocity). What is the direction of particle oscillation for (a) a longitudinal wave and (b) a transverse wave?4SAHow many values of amplitude are there in one wavelength of a wave, and how is the amplitude related to the energy of a wave?6SA7SAWhich end (blue or red) of the visible spectrum has the longer wavelength? Which has the higher frequency?9SAWhat is the range of wavelengths of visible light? How do these wavelengths compare with those of audible sound?11SAWhat happens to the energy when a sound dies out?Referring to Fig. 6.11, indicate over how many squares the sound waves would spread for r = 5 m. The sound intensity would decrease to what fraction in value?What is the chief physical property that describes (a) pitch, (b) loudness, and (c) quality?Why does the music coming from a band marching in a spread-out formation on a football field sometimes sound discordant?What is the difference between sound wave energy and intensity?17SAWhy is lightning seen before thunder is heard?How is the wavelength of sound affected when (a) a sound source moves toward a stationary observer and (b) the observer moves away from a stationary sound source?Under what circumstances would sound have (a) a Doppler blueshift? (b) a Doppler redshift?On a particular day the speed of sound in air is 340 m/s. If a plane flies at a speed of 680 m/s, is its Mach number (a) 1.5, (b) 2.0, (c) 2.5, or (d) 2.7?22SAWhat is the effect when a system is driven in resonance? Is a particular frequency required? Explain.Would you expect to find a node or an antinode at the end of a plucked guitar string? Explain.25SA1VC1AYKWere an astronaut on the Moon to drop a hammer, would there be sound? Explain. (Follow-up: How do astronauts communicate with one another and with mission control?)3AYKHow fast would a jet fish have to swim to create an aquatic boom?5AYK6AYKA periodic wave has a frequency of 5.0 Hz. What is the wave period?What is the period of the wave motion for a wave with a frequency of 0.25 kHz?3EA sound wave has a frequency of 3000 Hz. What is the distance between crests or compressions of the wave? (Take the speed of sound to be 344 m/s.)Compute the wavelength of the radio waves from (a) an AM station operating at a frequency of 650 kHz and (b) an FM station with a frequency of 95.1 MHz.6EWhat is the frequency of blue light that has a wavelength of 420 nm?An electromagnetic wave has a wavelength of 6.00 106 m. In what region of the electromagnetic spectrum is this radiation?How far does light travel in 1 year? [This distance, known as a light-year (ly), is used in measuring astronomical distances (Ch. 18.1).](a) Approximately how long would it take a telephone signal to travel 3000 mi from coast to coast across the United States? (Telephone signals travel at about the speed of light.) (b) Approximately how long would it take a radio signal to reach the International Space Station (ISS) at an orbital altitude of 350 km?Compute the wavelength in air of ultrasound with a frequency of 50 kHz if the speed of sound is 344 m/s.What are the wavelength limits of the audible range of the sound spectrum? (Use the speed of sound in air.)The speed of sound in a solid medium is 15 times greater than that in air. If the frequency of a wave in the solid is 20 kHz, then what is the wavelength?A sound wave in a solid has a frequency of 15.0 kHz and a wavelength of 0.333 m. What would be the wave speed, and how much faster is this speed than the speed of sound in air?During a thunderstorm, 4.5 s elapses between observing a lightning flash and hearing the resulting thunder. Approximately how far away, in kilometers and miles, was the lightning flash?Picnickers see a lightning flash and hear the resulting thunder 9.0 s later. If the storm is traveling at a rate of 15 km/h, then how long, in minutes, do the picnickers have before the storm arrives at their location?A subway train has a sound intensity level of 90 dB, and a rock band has a sound intensity level of about 110 dB. How many times greater is the sound intensity of the band than that of the train?A loudspeaker has an output of 70 dB. If the volume of the sound is turned up so that the output intensity is 10,000 times greater, then what is the new sound intensity level?1PQ2PQWhat causes light refraction, and what does the index of refraction (n) express?2PQ7.1CEWhat are the shapes of converging and diverging spherical mirrors?2PQ7.2CE1PQ2PQ7.3CE1PQ2PQ1PQ2PQKEY TERMS 1. reflection (7.1) 2. ray 3. law of reflection 4. specular reflection 5. diffuse reflection 6. refraction (7.2) 7. index of refraction 8. total internal reflection 9. dispersion 10. focal length (7.3) 11. concave (converging) mirror 12. convex (diverging) mirror 13. real image 14. virtual image 15. converging lens (7.4) 16. diverging lens 17. polarization (7.5) 18. linearly polarized light 19. diffraction (7.6) 20. principle of superposition 21. constructive interference 22. destructive interference For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. a. _____ Lens thicker at the center than at the edgeKEY TERMS 1. reflection (7.1) 2. ray 3. law of reflection 4. specular reflection 5. diffuse reflection 6. refraction (7.2) 7. index of refraction 8. total internal reflection 9. dispersion 10. focal length (7.3) 11. concave (converging) mirror 12. convex (diverging) mirror 13. real image 14. virtual image 15. converging lens (7.4) 16. diverging lens 17. polarization (7.5) 18. linearly polarized light 19. diffraction (7.6) 20. principle of superposition 21. constructive interference 22. destructive interference For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. b. _____ i = rCMDMEMFMGMKEY TERMS 1. reflection (7.1) 2. ray 3. law of reflection 4. specular reflection 5. diffuse reflection 6. refraction (7.2) 7. index of refraction 8. total internal reflection 9. dispersion 10. focal length (7.3) 11. concave (converging) mirror 12. convex (diverging) mirror 13. real image 14. virtual image 15. converging lens (7.4) 16. diverging lens 17. polarization (7.5) 18. linearly polarized light 19. diffraction (7.6) 20. principle of superposition 21. constructive interference 22. destructive interference For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. h. _____ A change in the direction of light at a surfaceIMJMKMLMMMNMOMPMQMRMSMTMUMVMFor ray reflections from a surface, which statement is true? (7.1) (a) The angle of reflection is equal to the angle of incidence. (b) The reflection angle is measured from a line perpendicular to the reflecting surface. (c) The rays lie in the same plane. (d) All the preceding are true.To what does the law of reflection apply? (a) regular reflection (b) specular reflection (c) diffuse reflection (d) all the precedingWhat is the case when the angle of refraction is smaller than the angle of incidence? (7.2) (a) The critical angle is exceeded. (b) The first medium is less dense. (c) The second medium has a smaller index of refraction. (d) The speed of light is greater in the second medium.In refraction, which of the following wave properties is unchanged? (7.2) (a) frequency (b) wavelength (c) speed (d) both (a) and (b)A plane mirror _____. (7.3) (a) produces both real and virtual images (b) always produces a virtual image (c) always produces a real image (d) has neither image6MC7MCWhich of the following is true of a concave lens? (7.4) (a) It is a converging lens. (b) It is thicker at the center than at the edge. (c) It is a lens that forms virtual images for Do f. (d) It is a lens that forms real images for Do f.Which is true of a virtual image? (7.4) (a) It is always formed by a convex lens. (b) It can be formed on a screen. (c) It is formed on the object side of a lens. (d) It cannot be formed by a concave lens.10MCWhich is true of diffraction? (7.6) (a) It occurs best when the slit width is less than the wavelength of a wave. (b) It depends on refraction. (c) It is caused by interference. (d) It does not occur for light.12MC1FIB2FIB3FIB4FIB5FIB6FIB7FIB8FIBA virtual image is always formed by a(n) ___ lens. (7.4)10FIB11FIB12FIBFor specular reflection, what is the situation with an angle of incidence of (a) 0 and (b) 90?Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh was emotionally troubled and once cut off part of his own ear. His Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889) is shown in Fig. 7.38. Which ear did he cut? (Hint: How do you paint a self-portrait?) Figure 7.38 Self Portrait with Bandaged Ear (1889) by Vincent Van Gogh See Short Answer Question 2.When you walk toward a full-length plane mirror, what does your image do? How fast does the image move? Is the image in step with you?How long does the image of a 12-in. ruler appear in a plane mirror? Does it depend on the distance the ruler is from the mirror?Where would an observer see the image of the arrow shown in Fig. 7.39? (Draw in the image the observer would see.) Figure 7.39 Reflection and Image See Short Answer Question 5.6SA7SA8SA9SA10SA11SAWhat relationships exist between the center of curvature, the focal point, the focal length, and the vertex of a spherical mirror?13SA14SAWhat happens to a light ray that passes through the focal point at an angle to the optic axis of a concave mirror?16SA17SA18SAWhere is a diverging lens thickest?20SAWhy are slides put into a slide projector upside down, and where is the slide relative to the projector lens?22SA23SA24SA25SA26SAWhile you are looking through two polarizing sheets, one of the sheets is rotated 180. Will there be any change in what you observe? Explain.28SAWhy do sound waves bend around everyday objects, whereas the bending of light is not generally observed?30SA31SA32SA1VC1AYKWhen you look at a window from the inside at night, two similar images, one behind the other, are often seen. Why?3AYK4AYKHow would a fish see the above-water world when looking up at various angles? (Hint: Think in terms of the critical angle and the cone of light coming in from above the water in reverse-ray tracing.)Light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 30 relative to the normal. What is the angle of reflection?Light is incident on a plane mirror at an angle of 30 relative to its surface. What is the angle of reflection?3EHow much longer must the minimum length of a plane mirror be for a 6-ft 4-in. man to see his complete head-to-toe image than for a 5-ft 2-in. woman to do so?5EThe speed of light in a particular type of glass is 1.40 108 m/s. What is the index of refraction of the glass?What percentage of the speed of light in vacuum is the speed of light in crown glass?The speed of light in a certain transparent material is 41.3% of the speed of light in vacuum. What is the index of refraction of the material? (Can you identify the material?)9ESketch ray diagrams for a concave mirror showing objects at (a) Do R, (b) Do f, and (c) Do f. Describe how the image changes as the object is moved toward the mirror.An object is placed 15 cm from a convex spherical mirror with a focal length of 10 cm. Estimate where the image is located and what its characteristics are.A reflecting, spherical Christmas tree ornament has a diameter of 8.0 cm. A child looks at the ornament from a distance of 15 cm. Describe the image she sees.13ESketch ray diagrams for a spherical convex lens with objects at (a) Do 2f, (b) 2f Do f, and (c) Do f. Describe how the image changes as the object is moved closer to the lens.An object is placed 45 cm in front of a converging lens with a focal length of 20 cm. Draw a ray diagram. Estimate the image distance and give the image characteristics.An object is placed in front of a converging lens at an object distance of twice the focal length of the lens. Sketch a ray diagram and compare the image and object distances. Repeat with two more ray diagrams, using different focal lengths and still making the object distance twice the focal length. Can you draw any conclusions by comparing the object distance and the image distance?17E18EWhat is the difference between the law of charges and Columb's law?2PQ1PQ2PQA coffeemaker draws 10 A of current operating at 120 V. How much electrical energy does the coffeemaker use each second?1PQ2PQ8.2CEHow are the law of poles and the law of charges similar?Where is the Earth's north magnetic pole located?What are the two basic principles of electromagnetism?What's the difference between a motor and a generator?8.3CEKEY TERMS 1. electric charge (8.1) 2. electrons 3. protons 4. law of charges 5. Coulombs law 6. electric field 7. current (8.2) 8. electric potential energy 9. voltage 10. resistance 11. Ohms law 12. electric power 13. direct current (dc) 14. alternating current (ac) 15. series circuit (8.3) 16. parallel circuit 17. law of poles (8.4) 18. magnetic field 19. ferromagnetic 20. magnetic domains 21. magnetic declination 22. electromagnetism (8.5) 23. motor 24. generator 25. transformer For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. a. _____ E = F/q+ mappingBMCMDMEMFMGMHMIMJMKMLMMMNMOMPMQMRMSMTMUMVMWMXMYMWhich of the following has a positive (+) charge? (8.1) (a) electron (b) proton (c) neutronTwo equal positive charges are placed equidistant on either side of another positive charge. What would the middle positive charge experience? (8.1) (a) a net force to the right (b) a net force to the left (c) a zero net forceIn a dc circuit, how do electrons move? (8.2) (a) with a slow drift velocity (b) in alternate directions (c) near the speed of light (d) none of the precedingWhat is a unit of voltage? (8.2) (a) joule (b) joule/coulomb (c) amp-coulomb (d) amp/coulombThe ohm is another name for which of the following? (8.2) (a) volt per ampere (b) ampere per volt (c) watt (d) voltAppliances with heating elements require which of the following? (8.3) (a) a large current (b) a large resistance (c) a low joule heatThe greatest equivalent resistance occurs when resistances are connected in which type of arrangement? (8.3) (a) series (b) parallel (c) series-parallel8MC9MC10MCWhat type of energy conversion does a motor perform? (8.5) (a) chemical energy into mechanical energy (b) mechanical energy into electrical energy (c) electrical energy into mechanical energy (d) mechanical energy into chemical energyWhat type of energy conversion does a generator perform? (8.5) (a) chemical energy into mechanical energy (b) mechanical energy into electrical energy (c) electrical energy into mechanical energy (d) mechanical energy into chemical energy13MCA transformer with more windings on the primary coil than on the secondary coil does which of the following? (8.5) (a) Steps up the voltage. (b) Steps up the current. (c) Steps up both current and voltage. (d) Will operate off dc current.1FIB___ are neither good conductors nor good insulators. (8.1)3FIBVoltage is defined as work per___. (8.2)