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All Textbook Solutions for An Introduction to Physical Science

What do numbers on the x- and y-axes indicate on a rectangular coordinate system?1PQ 2PQ Determine the number of nautical miles between place A (43N, 84W) and place B (34N, 84W).1PQ 2PQ Determine the standard time and date at 130W when it is 12 noon on July 4 at 82W longitude. (The procedure following this question might be helpful.) The answers to Confidence Exercises may be found at the back of the book.What is meant by the altitude of the Sun?2PQ What would be the latitude of the ship in Example 15.3 were the altitude of the Sun 70.5 to the north? The answers to Confidence Exercises may be found at the back of the book.Make drawings illustrating the determination of latitude and longitude for Example 15.4. The answers to Confidence Exercises may be found at the back of the book.1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ KEY TERMS 1. Cartesian coordinate system (15.1) 2. parallels (15.2) 3. meridians 4. great circle 5. latitude 6. longitude 7. Greenwich (prime) meridian 8. solar day (15.3) 9. sidereal day 10. Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) 11. Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) 12. International Date Line (IDL) 13. Daylight Saving Time (DST) 14. altitude (15.4) 15. zenith angle 16. summer solstice (15.5) 17. winter solstice 18. autumnal equinox 19. vernal equinox 20. tropical year 21. sidereal year 22. Gregorian calendar 23. precession (15.6) For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. a. _____ Zulu BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM 1MC 2MC 3MC Which of the following is true about longitude? (15.2) (a) It can have a maximum value of 360. (b) It is an angular measurement measured east or west. (c) It is measured in units of kilometers. (d) It is measured north or south of the equator.Which of the following is true of meridians? (15.2) (a) They run east and west. (b) They are halves of great circles. (c) They are great circles. (d) All of these are true.6MC 7MC 8MC 9MC 10MC If the altitude of the Sun is measured to be 25, then what is the zenith angle? (15.4) (a) 45 (b) 55 (c) 65 (d) none of these What is the altitude of the Sun when it is just rising in the East? (15.4) (a) 90 (b) 0 (a) 180 (a) 45 13MC 14MC Which of the following is true for an observer at 20N? (15.5) (a) always looks south to see the Sun (b) observes the Sun directly overhead twice a year (c) is near the Tropic of Capricorn (d) none of these From September 22 to March 21, in what direction must an observer in the Northern Hemisphere look to see sunrise? (15.5) (a) east (b) northeast (c) southeast (d) west 17MC Which of the following is true for the Gregorian calendar? (15.5) (a) It is based on lunar months. (b) It is accurate to 1 day in 6000 years. (c) It has a leap year every century year that is divisible by 4. (d) It differs from the Julian calendar only in its name.19MC 20MC A Cartesian coordinate system is also called a(n) ___ coordinate system. (15.1)2FIB 3FIB 4FIB 5FIB 6FIB 7FIB 8FIB 9FIB 10FIB 11FIB 12FIB 13FIB 14FIB 15FIB 16FIB 17FIB 18FIB 19FIB 20FIB How is the origin defined in a Cartesian coordinate system?What, on a sphere, is analogous to a two-dimensional Cartesian coordinate system?3SA What are the minimum and maximum values for latitude and longitude?5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA Are meridians great circles? Explain.10SA 11SA 12SA 13SA 14SA Distinguish between a solar day and a sidereal day.16SA Explain why the Sun moves 15/h.18SA 19SA How were the latitude and longitude of a ship determined in early sailing days?21SA 22SA 23SA 24SA 25SA 26SA 27SA 28SA 29SA 30SA 31SA 32SA 1VC 1AYK 2AYK 3AYK Barrow, Alaska (71N), gets 24 hours of daylight for several weeks near June 21. Austin, Texas (34N), only gets 14 hours of sunlight near June 21. Why is it hotter in Texas?5AYK 6AYK 7AYK 8AYK What is the number of latitude degrees between place A (50N, 90W) and place B (60S, 90E)?What is the number of latitude degrees between place A (20N, 75W) and place B (30S, 75W)?What is the number of nautical miles between place A and place B in Exercise 1?4E What are the latitude and longitude of the point on the Earth that is opposite Beijing, China (40N, 116E)?What are the latitude and longitude of the point on the Earth that is opposite Sao Paulo, Brazil (24S, 47W)?What are the standard time and date at (40N, 118W) when the standard time at (35N, 80W) is 6 p.m. on October 8?What are the standard time and date at (40N, 110W) when the standard time at (30N, 70W) is 1 a.m. on October 16?When it is 10 p.m. standard time on November 26 in Moscow (56N, 38E), what are the standard time and date in Tokyo (36N, 140E)?When it is 10 a.m. standard time on February 22 in Los Angeles (34N, 118W), what are the standard time and date in Hong Kong, China (22N, 114E)?11E 12E 13E It is 6 a.m. on July 1 in London (51.5N, 0). What are the time and date in Cape Town, South Africa (34S, 18E)?What is the altitude of the Sun for someone in Paris, France (49N), on June 21?What is the altitude of the Sun for someone in Paris, France (49N), on December 22?What is the latitude of someone in the United States who sees the Sun at an altitude of 71.5 on June 21?What is the latitude of someone in Europe who sees the Sun at an altitude of 65.5 on December 22?Determine the month and day when the Sun is at maximum altitude for an observer in Washington, D.C. (39N). What is the altitude of the Sun at this time? Answer: on or about June 21, 74.5 Determine the month and day when the Sun is at minimum altitude for an observer in Washington, D.C. (39N). What is the altitude of the Sun at this time?At approximately what latitude is the noonday Sun overhead on May 10?At approximately what latitude is the noonday Sun overhead on December 1?A ships captain with a sextant measures the altitude of the noonday Sun to be 40 toward the south on December 21. What is the latitude of the ship? (Solve both graphically and with Eq. 15.1.)Later in the voyage, on March 21, the captain in Exercise 23 measures the altitude of the noonday Sun to be 60 toward the north. What is the latitude of the ship? (Solve both graphically and using Eq. 15.1.)Shooting the Sun with a sextant, the first mate on a ship measures the altitude of the noonday Sun to be 35 toward the north on May 20. What is the latitude of the ship? (Solve both graphically and using Eq. 15.1.)On December 7, the first mate on a ship measures the altitude of the noonday Sun to be 56 to the south. What is the latitude of the ship? (Solve both graphically and using Eq. 15.1.)The reading taken on a sailing ship shows that on December 21 the noonday Sun has an altitude of 8612to the south and the marine chronometer reads 7 a.m. What are the latitude and longitude of the ship, and where is it located geographically?On June 21, the altitude of the noonday Sun is measured to be 6612 to the north and the marine chronometer reads 2 a.m. What are the latitude and longitude of the ship, and where is it located geographically?What is the difference between the geocentric model and the heliocentric model?2PQ Calculate the period of a planet whose orbit has a semimajor axis of 30 AU.1PQ 2PQ Which has the greater albedo, the Earth or the Moon? Why?2PQ What makes a planet terrestrial, or pertaining to the Earth?What is the most abundant molecule in the atmosphere of each terrestrial planet?1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM 1MC Which of Keplers laws gives the most direct indication of the shape of the orbit of a planet? (16.1) (a) law of elliptical orbits (b) law of equal areas (c) harmonic law Which of Keplers laws gives an indication of the semimajor axis? (16.1) (a) law of elliptical orbits (b) law of equal areas (c) harmonic law 4MC Which of the following is abundant on the Earth but not on the other seven planets? (16.3) (a) oxygen (b) water (c) life (d) all the preceding 6MC 7MC Which of the following statements concerning the terrestrial planets is false? (16.4) (a) Mercury and Venus can never be in opposition. (b) All have magnetic fields except Venus. (c) All rotate clockwise as viewed from above the North Pole. (d) They are relatively close to the Sun.Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of a terrestrial planet? (16.4) (a) small diameter (b) solid surface (c) relatively low density (d) relatively high-temperature environment What are the primary constituents of the Jovian planets? (16.5) (a) hydrogen and helium (b) hydrogen and carbon dioxide (c) methane and oxygen (d) nitrogen and oxygen Which of the following is not a physical characteristic of a Jovian planet? (16.5) (a) gaseous (b) relatively high density (c) rocky/ice cores (d) rapid rotation Which planet has a ring system made of mostly water ice? (16.5) (a) Jupiter (b) Saturn (c) Uranus (d) Neptune Which Jovian planet revolves on its side and has retrograde rotation? (16.5) (a) Jupiter (b) Neptune (c) Uranus (d) Saturn Which one of the following criteria disqualifies Pluto as a major planet? (16.6) (a) sufficient mass for a round shape (b) in orbit about the Sun (c) orbit clear of other objects (d) none of the preceding Which statement about the dwarf planet Ceres is true? (16.6) (a) It is farthest from the Sun. (b) It is between Mars and Jupiter. (c) It is larger than Pluto. (d) It has a thick atmosphere.16MC 17MC Which of the following is not a very useful method for detecting an exoplanet? (16.8) (a) the observation of a stars motion (b) the observation of Doppler shifts in the spectrum of a star (c) the detection of alien electromagnetic signals ___ is the study of the universe. (Intro)2FIB 3FIB 4FIB 5FIB 6FIB 7FIB The albedo of the Earth is about ___. (16.3)9FIB 10FIB 11FIB 12FIB The Jovian planet with retrograde rotation is ___. (16.4)14FIB 15FIB 16FIB 17FIB 1SA What is the main difference between the heliocentric model and the geocentric model?3SA 4SA Describe the orientation and the shape of the motion of the orbits of the major planets.6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA 10SA 11SA 12SA Explain the differences between the Grand Canyon on Earth and Valles Marineris on Mars.14SA 15SA Which planets axis of rotation is a peculiarity, and why?17SA 18SA Why is Pluto not considered a major planet, and what other peculiarity distinguishes it from the major planets?20SA 21SA What was the major influence in the formation of the solar system?What is astrometry?24SA 1VC Give some reasons our knowledge of the solar system has increased considerably in the past few years.A Foucault pendulum suspended from the ceiling of a high tower located at the Earths equator is put in motion in a northsouth plane. Explain what would be observed regarding any apparent deviation, or the lack thereof, of the pendulum from the northsouth plane during a 24-hour period.3AYK Explain how the scientific method was used to reclassify the planets in the solar system.How does the solar nebula theory explain the orbits of the major planets? Dwarf planets? Does it explain the rotations of the planets? Why or why not?Calculate the period T of a planet whose orbit has a semimajor axis of 10 AU.Calculate the period T of a dwarf planet whose orbit has a semimajor axis of 518 AU.Calculate the length R of the semimajor axis of a planet whose period is 225 days.Calculate the length R of the semimajor axis of a planet whose period is 165 years.Determine what the period of revolution of the Earth would be if its distance from the Sun were 2 AU rather than 1 AU. Assume that the mass of the Sun remains the same.Determine what the period of revolution of the Earth would be if its distance from the Sun were 4 AU rather than 1 AU. Assume that the mass of the Sun remains the same.Asteroids are believed to be material that never collected into a planet. The asteroid Ceres has a period of 4.6 years. Assuming Ceres to be at the center of the planet if it had formed, how far would the planet be from the Sun?Show that the asteroid belt lies between Mars and Jupiter, and indicate to which planet it is closer.Use Keplers third law to show that the closer a planet is to the Sun, the shorter its period.10E 11E List the Jovian planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun.How is Moon associated with a month?2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ 2PQ 1PQ What is the composition of the moons of the dwarf planets?1PQ 2PQ AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM KEY TERMS 1. highlands (17.1) 2. maria 3. crater 4. synodic month (17.2) 5. sidereal month 6. new moon 7. crescent moon 8. gibbous moon 9. first-quarter phase 10. full moon 11. last-quarter phase 12. eclipse 13. umbra 14. total solar eclipse 15. penumbra 16. total lunar eclipse 17. tides 18. asteroids (17.6) 19. meteoroids 20. meteor 21. meteorites 22. comet 23. Oort cloud 24. Kuiper belt 25. interplanetary dust For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. t. _____ Entire face of the Moon obscured UM KEY TERMS 1. highlands (17.1) 2. maria 3. crater 4. synodic month (17.2) 5. sidereal month 6. new moon 7. crescent moon 8. gibbous moon 9. first-quarter phase 10. full moon 11. last-quarter phase 12. eclipse 13. umbra 14. total solar eclipse 15. penumbra 16. total lunar eclipse 17. tides 18. asteroids (17.6) 19. meteoroids 20. meteor 21. meteorites 22. comet 23. Oort cloud 24. Kuiper belt 25. interplanetary dust For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. v. _____ Phase of the Moon occurring at 6 p.m.WM

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