Bartleby Sitemap - Textbook Solutions
All Textbook Solutions for An Introduction to Physical Science
1FIB2FIB3FIB4FIBOne standard atmosphere of pressure is ___ lb2. (19.3)6FIB7FIB8FIB9FIB10FIB11FIB12FIB1SA2SA3SA4SA5SA6SA7SA8SA9SAIn terms of Rayleigh scattering, why is it advantageous to have amber fog lights and red taillights on cars?11SA12SAWhat are the four fundamental atmospheric measurements discussed in this chapter, and with what instrument is each measured?14SA15SAWhen is the relative humidity 100%? It may be raining, but a sheltered psychrometer doesnt read 100%. Why?Which way, relative to the wind direction, does a wind vane (or weather vane) point and why?18SA19SAWhat is a convection cycle, and what are the related effects near a large body of water such as the ocean?21SAWhy does weather generally move from west to east in the conterminous United States?23SA24SAName the cloud family for each of the following: (a) nimbostratus (b) cirrostratus (c) altostratus (d) stratus (e) cumulonimbus26SA27SAWhy are clouds generally white, while some are dark?Visualize the connections and give answers in the blanks.(a) Why does the land lose heat more quickly at night than a body of water? (b) Deserts are very hot during the day and cold at night. Why is there such a large nocturnal temperature drop?2AYK3AYK4AYKWater leaks from a cup with a hole, as shown in Fig. 19.25. What would happen if you placed the palm of your hand tightly over the mouth of the cup? Why? (Hint: What happens to the pressure of the air above the water with respect to the pressure outside the cup?) Figure 19.25 Stop That Leak See Applying Your Knowledge Question 5.Express the approximate thicknesses of the (a) stratosphere, (b) mesosphere, and (c) thermosphere in terms of the thickness of the troposphere (at the equator).2EIf the air temperature is 70F at sea level, then what is the temperature at the top of Pikes Peak (elevation 14,000 ft)? (Hint: The temperature decreases rather uniformly in the troposphere.)If the air temperature is 20C at sea level, then what is the temperature outside a jet aircraft flying at an altitude of 10,000 m?On a day when the air temperature is 85F, the wet-bulb reading of a psychrometer is 70F. Find each of the following: (a) relative humidity, (b) dew point, (c) maximum moisture capacity of the air, and (d) actual moisture content of the air.6EOn a very hot day with an air temperature of 105F, the wet-bulb thermometer of a psychrometer records 100F. (a) What is the actual moisture content of the air? (b) How many degrees would the air temperature have to be lowered for the relative humidity to be 100%?On a winter day, a psychrometer has a dry-bulb reading of 35F and a wet-bulb reading of 29F. (a) What is the actual moisture content of the air? (b) Would the water in the wick of the wet bulb freeze? Explain.The dry-bulb and wet-bulb thermometers of a psychrometer read 75F and 65F, respectively. What are (a) the actual moisture content of the air and (b) the temperature at which the relative humidity would be 100%?10EOn a day when the air temperature is 70F, a fellow student reads the psychrometer in the physical science lab and tells you that with a wet-bulb depression of 3F, the relative humidity is 83%. Would you agree? Explain.On another day with the same air temperature (70F), you read the psychrometer and determine the relative humidity to be 68%. A sudden weather change (that does not affect the actual moisture content of the air) reduces the relative humidity to 63%. What was the temperature change?What are the three essentials of the Bergeron process?Is frost frozen dew?1PQ2PQ1PQWhat is the most violent of storms? Is it the most energetic?20.1CE1PQ2PQ1PQ2PQAMBMCMDMEMFMGMKEY TERMS 1. coalescence (20.1) 2. Bergeron process 3. air mass (20.2) 4. source region 5. front 6. lightning (20.3) 7. thunder 8. ice storm 9. snowstorm 10. tornado 11. tornado watch 12. tornado warning 13. hurricane 14. storm surge 15. hurricane watch 16. hurricane warning 17. pollution (20.4) 18. smog 19. temperature inversion 20. nitrogen oxides (NOx) 21. photochemical smog 22. ozone (O3) 23. sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24. acid rain 25. climate (20.5) For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. h. _____ Distinguished from surrounding air by physical characteristicsIMJMKMLMMMKEY TERMS 1. coalescence (20.1) 2. Bergeron process 3. air mass (20.2) 4. source region 5. front 6. lightning (20.3) 7. thunder 8. ice storm 9. snowstorm 10. tornado 11. tornado watch 12. tornado warning 13. hurricane 14. storm surge 15. hurricane watch 16. hurricane warning 17. pollution (20.4) 18. smog 19. temperature inversion 20. nitrogen oxides (NOx) 21. photochemical smog 22. ozone (O3) 23. sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24. acid rain 25. climate (20.5) For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. n. _____ Formation of drops by collision of dropletsOMPMQMRMSMTMUMKEY TERMS 1. coalescence (20.1) 2. Bergeron process 3. air mass (20.2) 4. source region 5. front 6. lightning (20.3) 7. thunder 8. ice storm 9. snowstorm 10. tornado 11. tornado watch 12. tornado warning 13. hurricane 14. storm surge 15. hurricane watch 16. hurricane warning 17. pollution (20.4) 18. smog 19. temperature inversion 20. nitrogen oxides (NOx) 21. photochemical smog 22. ozone (O3) 23. sulfur dioxide (SO2) 24. acid rain 25. climate (20.5) For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. v. _____ Threat of hurricane conditions within 24 to 36 hoursWMXMYM1MCWhich of the following is not essential to the Bergeron process? (20.1) (a) silver iodide (b) mixing (c) supercooled vapor (d) ice crystals3MC4MC5MC6MC7MC8MC9MC10MC11MCMajor concern about global warming arises from increased concentrations of which of the following? (20.5) (a) sulfur oxides (b) nitrogen oxides (c) greenhouse gases (d) photochemical smog1FIB2FIB3FIB4FIB5FIB6FIB7FIB8FIB9FIB10FIB11FIB12FIB1SA2SA3SA4SA5SA6SA(a) Where can lightning take place? (Where can it begin and end?) (b) Describe what is meant by heat lightning and a bolt from the blue.8SA9SA10SA11SAWhat is the major source of energy for a tropical storm? When does a tropical storm become a hurricane?13SAWhat three months are the peak season in the United States (a) for hurricanes? (b) For tornadoes?15SAIs air pollution a relatively new problem? Explain.17SA18SA19SADistinguish between classical smog and photochemical smog. What is the prime indicator of the latter?21SAWhat is the major fossil-fuel impurity?23SA24SA25SA26SAWhat is a direct effect on humans that increases with atmospheric ozone depletion?28SAVisualize the connections and give answers in the blanks. Compare your answers with those at the back of the book.Why do household barometers often have descriptive adjectives such as rain and fair on their faces, along with the direct pressure readings? (See Fig. 19.12.)2AYK3AYK4AYK1EWhat would be the classifications of the air masses that form over the following source regions? (a) Sahara Desert (b) Antarctic Ocean (c) Greenland (d) mid-Pacific Ocean (e) Siberia3E4E5EWhile picnicking on a summer day, you hear thunder 6 s after seeing a lightning flash from an approaching storm. Approximately how far away, in miles, is the storm?What are the four regions of the Earths interior?2PQ1PQ2PQ1PQ2PQ1PQ2PQ1PQOn what crustal plate is Los Angeles located, and in which direction is the plate moving?1PQ2PQAMBMCMDMEMFMGMHMIMJMKMLMMMNMOMPMQMRMSMTMUMVMWMXMYMZMAAMBBM1MCThe Moho boundary separates which two layers of Earths interior? (21.1) (a) oceanic and continental crust (b) upper and lower mantle (c) inner and outer core (d) crust and lithosphere3MCWhich of the following geologic evidence does not support continental drift? (21.2) (a) similarities in biological species and fossils found on distant continents (b) continuity of geologic structures such as mountain ranges (c) ancient glaciation in the Southern Hemisphere (d) similar types of rivers on every continent5MCWhich of the following is a primary cause of volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain building? (21.3) (a) solar radiation (b) remanent magnetism (c) hot spots (d) plate tectonics7MC8MCWhat process during plate collisions leads to the formation of volcanic islands arcs? (21.4) (a) remanent magnetism (b) seismic waves (c) subduction (d) isostasyOn the Richter scale, a magnitude 7.0 earthquake is how many times more powerful than a magnitude 6.0 earthquake? (21.5) (a) 1 (b) 25 (c) 31 (d) 10011MC12MC1FIB2FIB3FIB4FIB5FIB6FIB7FIB8FIBDubbed the ___, it is the geologically active region along the margins of the Pacific Ocean. (21.4)10FIB11FIB12FIB1SAName the four major regions of the Earth, from outermost to innermost.3SA4SAExplain the mechanism behind continental drift.What is the Mid-Atlantic Ridge?7SA8SA9SA10SAExplain how continental crust and oceanic crust are like icebergs in water.12SA13SA14SA15SA16SA17SA18SA19SA20SA21SA22SA23SA24SA25SADistinguish among a normal fault, a reverse fault, and a transform fault.27SA28SA1VCState two similarities between the methods used by geologists to solve geologic problems and those used by police detectives to solve crimes.2AYKDescribe an accurate method to measure the absolute motions of individual tectonic plates.4AYK5AYKRefer to Fig. 21.16 and 21.19. In terms of volcanoes and earthquakes, which two continents on the Earth are the safest? On which would you choose to live? Why?What forces and factors determine whether a rock faults or folds during the mountain-building process?What are the two major chemical elements that make up minerals?Without trying it, how would you know that a diamond will scratch glass?1PQ2PQHow are igneous rocks formed?2PQ1PQ2PQ1PQ2PQ1PQ2PQAMKEY TERMS 1. mineral (22.1) 2. silicates 3. Mohs scale 4. cleavage 5. rock (22.2) 6. igneous rocks 7. sedimentary rocks 8. metamorphic rocks 9. uniformitarianism 10. rock cycle 11. magma (22.3) 12. lava 13. plutons (22.4) 14. pyroclastics (tephra) 15. viscosity 16. caldera 17. sediment (22.5) 18. lithification 19. bedding 20. metamorphism (22.6) 21. contact metamorphism 22. shear metamorphism 23. regional metamorphism 24. foliation 25. hydrothermal metamorphism For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. b. _____ The internal property of a substance that offers resistance to flowCMDMEMKEY TERMS 1. mineral (22.1) 2. silicates 3. Mohs scale 4. cleavage 5. rock (22.2) 6. igneous rocks 7. sedimentary rocks 8. metamorphic rocks 9. uniformitarianism 10. rock cycle 11. magma (22.3) 12. lava 13. plutons (22.4) 14. pyroclastics (tephra) 15. viscosity 16. caldera 17. sediment (22.5) 18. lithification 19. bedding 20. metamorphism (22.6) 21. contact metamorphism 22. shear metamorphism 23. regional metamorphism 24. foliation 25. hydrothermal metamorphism For each of the following items, fill in the number of the appropriate Key Term from the preceding list. f. _____ The basic understanding that ancient rocks were formed in the same way as modern rocksGMHMIMJMKMLMMMNMOMPMQMRMSMTMUMVMWMXMYM1MCDensity is related most closely with which property of identifying minerals? (22.1) (a) hardness (b) specific gravity (c) color (d) fractureThe simple, common method of classifying minerals depends on which general property? (22.1) (a) physical (b) chemical (c) nuclear (d) optical4MC5MC6MC