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All Textbook Solutions for An Introduction to Physical Science

15E Write the Lewis symbols and structures that show how BaBr2 forms from barium and bromine atoms.17E 18E 19E 20E Referring only to a periodic table, give the number of covalent bonds expected for each of these representative elements: (a) S, (b) Ne, (c) Br, (d) N, and (e) C.Referring only to a periodic table, give the number of covalent bonds expected for each of these representative elements: (a) H, (b) Ar, (c) F, (d) Si, and (e) P.23E Draw the Lewis structure for formaldehyde, H2CO, a compound whose odor is known to most biology students because of its use as a preservative. Show a structure with dots only, and then show one with both dots and dashes.25E 26E 27E 28E Use arrows to show the polarity of each bond in (a) SCl2 and (b) CO2. (Hint: Use the general periodic trends in electronegativity.)Use arrows to show the polarity of each bond in (a) BrCl and (b) NI3. (Hint: Use the general periodic trends in electronegativity.)31E 32E 1PQ 2PQ 13.1CE 1PQ 2PQ Write and balance the equation for the complete combustion of the hydrocarbon named propane, C3H8, a common fuel gas.What is the pH scale?2PQ 13.3CE 13.4CE 13.5CE What is oxidation?2PQ 13.6CE 1PQ 2PQ How many grams are in 1.70 moles of potassium permanganate, KMnO4? How many moles are in 25.0 g of NaCl?What is the molarity of a salt (NaCl) solution in which 1.60 mol of salt is dissolved in enough water to give 2.00 L of solution?AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM YM ZM When iron rusts in the presence of oxygen and water, which of the following is occurring? (13.1) (a) physical property (b) chemical property (c) physical change (d) chemical change How many hydrogen atoms are indicated by 2 NH4C2H3O2? (13.1) (a) 7 (b) 8 (c) 12 (d) 14 3MC 4MC Consider the complete combustion of octane, C8H18. What is the coefficient in front of O2 when the equation is properly balanced? (13.2) (a) 12 (b) 13 (c) 20 (d) 25 6MC 7MC What is the pH of a solution ten times as acidic as one of pH 4? (13.3) (a) 3 (b) 14 (c) 5 (d) 6 9MC 10MC One mole of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, would consist of how many molecules? (13.5) (a) 6.02 1023 (b) 1 (c) 34.0 6.02 1023 (d) 34.0 One mole of hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, would consist of how many grams? (13.5) (a) 6.02 1023 (b) 17.0 (c) 34.0 6.02 1023 (d) 34.0 1FIB 2FIB 3FIB 4FIB 5FIB 6FIB 7FIB 8FIB 9FIB 10FIB 11FIB 12FIB 13FIB 14FIB 1SA Iodine is (a) blue-black, (b) crystalline, and (c) solid. It (d) sublimes to a violet-colored gas and (e) reacts with aluminum and many other metals. Which of these five properties are physical, and which are chemical?3SA 4SA 5SA 6SA 7SA 8SA 9SA 10SA Why does a reaction vessel feel warm during an exothermic reaction and feel cold during an endothermic reaction?What is absorbed during bond breaking but liberated during bond formation?13SA 14SA 15SA 16SA 17SA 18SA 19SA 20SA What is the pH of a neutral aqueous solution? How many times as acidic is a solution of pH 2 than one of pH 6?What color will litmus be in a solution of pH 9? A solution of pH 3?23SA 24SA 25SA 26SA The reaction of an acid with a hydroxide base gives what two products? What is the most common mistake made in writing an equation for such a reaction?28SA 29SA 30SA 31SA 32SA 33SA 34SA 35SA 36SA 37SA Suppose you are given the volume (in liters) of a salt (NaCl) solution and its molarity. Explain how you would determine the moles of salt in this solution.1VC 1AYK 2AYK Explain why a bag of charcoal briquettes contains the following warning: Do not use for indoor heating or cooking unless ventilation is provided for exhausting fumes to the outside.An Alka-Seltzer tablet contains solid citric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate. What happens, and why, when the tablet is dropped into water?The human body converts sugar into carbon dioxide and water at body temperature (98.6F, or 37.0C). Why are much higher temperatures required for the same conversion in the laboratory?6AYK 7AYK 8AYK 9AYK 10AYK 1E Balance these chemical equations. (a) SO2+O2SO3 (b) NH3+O2N2+H2O (c) C4H10+O2CO2+H2O (d) Pb(NO3)2PbO+NO2+O2 (e) Al+Fe3O4Al2O3+Fe (f) Sr+H2OSr(OH)2+H2 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E 10E 11E 12E 13E 14E 15E 16E Two moles of hydrogen sulfide, H2S, would consist of how many molecules?Four moles of sulfur dioxide, SO2, would consist of how many molecules?19E 20E 21E How many moles are in 15.0 g of copper sulfate (CuSO4)?23E How many molecules are in 2.49 103 g of CuSO4?25E 26E 27E 28E 1PQ 2PQ Which of the following two structural formulas is not correct? Why?1PQ 2PQ 14.2CE 1PQ Which type of organic material is most used as an energy source?The octane rating for gasoline assigns a value of 100 to the combustion of the octane whose IUPAC name is 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. Draw the structure of this important hydrocarbon.1PQ Which types of hydrocarbon derivatives have foul odors? Which have pleasant odors?Two constitutional isomers of C3H7F exist. Draw the structure for each.1PQ 2PQ 14.5CE 1PQ What is the composition of soap?AM BM CM DM EM FM GM HM IM JM KM LM MM NM OM PM QM RM SM TM UM VM WM XM YM ZM 1MC 2MC Which of the following is the most common aromatic compound? (14.2) (a) benzedrine (b) ethylene (c) butane (d) benzene 4MC 5MC 6MC Which of the following is a correct formula for an alkyl halide? (14.4) (a) CH3Br (b) C7H16 (c) CH2NH2 (d) CH3CH2OH 8MC Which of these are the best-known synthetic compounds? (14.5) (a) plastics (b) monomers (c) partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (d) amines 10MC 11MC 12MC 1FIB 2FIB 3FIB 4FIB 5FIB A compound with the general formula CnH2n is either an alkene or a(n) ___. (14.3)7FIB 8FIB 9FIB 10FIB 11FIB 12FIB 1SA 2SA Tell the number of covalent bonds formed by an atom of each of these common elements in organic compounds: C, H, O, S, N, a halogen.4SA Show the Kekul representation and the preferred representation of benzenes structural formula.What structural feature distinguishes an aromatic hydrocarbon from an aliphatic hydrocarbon?Give the general molecular formulas for alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Write the structural formula for one example of each of these classes.Name the first eight members of the alkane series. What are some useful products and properties of alkanes?9SA 10SA 11SA Use both full and condensed structural formulas to show the difference between methane and a methyl group and between ethane and an ethyl group.13SA Name the compound represented by a hexagon and give its molecular formula and full structural formula.Both ethene and ethyne are often called by their more common names. Give the common names and draw the structural formula for each compound.Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.17SA 18SA Give the condensed structural formula for methanol.Give the general formula for an alcohol. Name the characteristic group it contains. What suffix is used in the IUPAC names of alcohols?What characteristic group does an amine contain, and what are some applications for these compounds? What property makes the simple amines unpopular?22SA 23SA 24SA 25SA 26SA 27SA 28SA 29SA What two simpler sugars combine to form sucrose? Which sugar is the monomer of both starch and cellulose?31SA 32SA 33SA 34SA 1VC 1AYK You overhear someone comment that a lot of cat cracking takes place in oil refineries. Should you call the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals?Look up the structural formula of aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) and Tylenol (acetaminophen). What types of organic compounds are they? What alkyl and functional groups do they contain, and how are they similar?As you take out the garbage one morning, you see several plastic items stamped with a 2 inside a triangle. Can these items be recycled?5AYK 6AYK 7AYK Which of these structural formulas is valid, and which is incorrect? (a) (b)2E 3E 4E Classify each of the following hydrocarbon structural formulas as an alkane, cycloalkane, alkene, alkyne, or aromatic hydrocarbon. (a) (b) CH3CH2 CH2CH2CH3 (c) (d) HCCCH2CH3 (e)7E 8E 9E State whether the structural formulas shown in each case represent the same compound, or are constitutional isomers, or are neither. (a) CH3CH2NH2 and CH3NHCH2CH3 (b) HOOCCH2CH3 and CH3CH2COOH (c)11E Given the IUPAC name, draw the structural formula for each alkyl halide. (a) 1,2,2-trifluorobutane (b) 1-bromo-2-chlorocyclopropane 13E 14E Identify each structural formula as belonging to an alkyl halide, alcohol, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, or amide. (a) CH3CH2NH2 (b) (c) (d) (e) (f)Identify each structural formula as belonging to an alkyl halide, alcohol, amine, carboxylic acid, ester, or amide. (a) CH3CH2COOH (b) (c) CH3CH2 CH2OH (d) CH3CH2NH2 (e) CF3CF3 (f)17E Draw the constitutional isomers for (a) C2H7N (two) and (b) C3H8O (three).19E Acrilan is an addition polymer made from the monomer named acrylonitrile (cyanoethene). Show by means of an equation how acrylonitrile polymerizes to Acrilan.21E The polyester formed from lactic acid (shown below) is used for tissue implants and surgical sutures that will dissolve in the body. Draw the structure of a portion of this polymer.Draw the resulting dipeptide formed from the combination of the amino acids Valine and Phenylalanine.Draw the resulting dipeptide formed from the combination of the amino acids Tyrosine and Serine.25E 26E What is a Cartesian coordinate system?

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