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131AE 132AE 133AE 134AE 135AE 136AE Which of the following statements is(are) true? a. LiF will have a higher vapor pressure at 25°C than H2S . b. HF will have a lower vapor pressure at 250°C thanHBr. c. Cl2 will have a higher boiling point than Ar. d. HCl is more soluble in water than in CCl4 . e. MgO will have a higher vapor pressure at 25°Cthan CH3CH2OH .138AE 139AE 140AE 141AE 142AE 143AE 144CP 145CP 146CP 147CP 148CP 149CP 150CP 151CP 152CP 153CP 154MP 1DQ Consider Fig. 17.8. Suppose that instead of having anonvolatile solute in the solvent in one beaker, the twobeakers have different volatile liquids. That is, supposeone beaker contains liquid A ( Pvap=50 torr) and theother beaker contains liquid B ( Pvap=100 torr). Explainwhat happens as time passes. How is this similar to thefirst case shown in the figure? How is it different?3DQ 4DQ 5DQ 6DQ 7DQ 8DQ 9DQ 10DQ 11DQ 12E 13E 14E 15E 16E 17E 18E 19E 20E 21E 22E 23E 24E 25E 26E 27E 28E 29E 30E 31E 32E 33E 34E 35E 36E 37E 38E 39E 40E Rationalize the temperature dependence of the solubilityof a gas in terms of the kinetic molecular theory.42E 43E 44E 45E 46E 47E 48E 49E 50E 51E 52E 53E 54E 55E 56E The following plot shows the vapor pressure of varioussolutions of components A and B at some temperature. Which of the following statements is false concerningsolutions of A and B? a. The solutions exhibit negative deviations fromRaoult’s law. b. Hsoln for the solutions should be exothermic. c. The intermolecular forces are stronger in solutionthan in either pure A or pure B. d. Pure liquid B is more volatile than pure liquid A. e. The solution with B=0.6 will have a lower boilingpoint than either pure A or pure B.58E 59E 60E 61E 62E 63E 64E 65E 66E 67E An aqueous solution of 10.00 g of catalase, an enzymefound in the liver, has a volume of 1.00 L at 27°C. Thesolution’s osmotic pressure at 27°C is found to be0.745 torr. Calculate the molar mass of catalase.69E What volume of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) , a nonelectrolyte,must be added to 15.0 L of water to produce anantifreeze solution with a freezing point of 230.0°C?What is the boiling point of this solution? (The densityof ethylene glycol is 1.11 g/cm3, and the density of wateris 1.00g/cm3 .)71E Erythrocytes are red blood cells containing hemoglobin.In a saline solution they shrivel when the salt concentrationis high and swell when the salt concentration is low.In a 25°C aqueous solution of NaCl, whose freezingpoint is 20.406°C, erythrocytes neither swell nor shrink.If we want to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solutioninside the erythrocytes under these conditions, whatdo we need to assume? Why? Estimate how good (orpoor) of an assumption this is. Make this assumptionand calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution insidethe erythrocytes.73E 74E 75E 76E 77E 78E 79E 80E Consider the following solutions: 0.010 m Na3PO4 in water 0.020 m CaBr2 in water 0.020 m KCl in water 0.020 m HF in water (HF is a weak acid.) a. Assuming complete dissociation of the soluble salts,which solution(s) would have the same boiling pointas 0.040 m C6H12O6 in water? ( C6H12O6 is anonelectrolyte.) b. Which solution would have the highest vapor pressureat 28°C? c. Which solution would have the largest freezingpointdepression?From the following: pure water solution of C6H12O6(=0.01) in water solution of NaCl(=0.01) in water solution of CaCl2(=0.01) in water choose the one with the following: a. highest freezing point b. lowest freezing point c. highest boiling point d. lowest boiling point e. highest osmotic pressure 83E 84E 85E 86E 87E 88E 89E 90E 91E 92E 93AE 94AE 95AE 96AE The term proof is defined as twice the percent by volumeof pure ethanol in solution. Thus a solution that is 95%(by volume) ethanol is 190 proof. What is the molarity ofethanol in a 92-proof ethanolwater solution? Assumethe density of ethanol (C2H5OH) is 0.79g/cm3 and thedensity of water is 1.0g/cm3 .98AE 99AE 100AE 101AE 102AE 103AE 104AE 105AE 106AE 107AE 108AE 109AE 110AE 111AE 112AE 113AE 114AE Formic acid (HCO2H) is a monoprotic acid that ionizesonly partially in aqueous solutions. A 0.10-M formicacid solution is 4.2% ionized. Assuming that the molarityand molality of the solution are the same, calculatethe freezing point and the boiling point of 0.10 M formicacid.116AE 117AE 118AE 119AE 120AE 121AE 122AE 123AE 124AE 125AE 126AE 127CP 128CP 129CP Plants that thrive in salt water must have internal solutions (inside the plant cells) that are isotonic (same osmotic pressure) with the surrounding solution. A leaf of a saltwater plant is able to thrive in an aqueous salt solution (at 25°C) that has a freezing point equal to 20.621°C. You would like to use this information to calculate the osmotic pressure of the solution in the cell. a. In order to use the freezing-point depression to calculate osmotic pressure, what assumption must you make (in addition to ideal behavior of the solutions, which we will assume)? b. Under what conditions is the assumption in part a reasonable? c. Solve for the osmotic pressure (at 25°C) of the solution in the plant cell. d. The plant leaf is placed in an aqueous salt solution (at 25°C) that has a boiling point of 102.0°C. What will happen to the plant cells in the leaf?131CP 132CP 133CP 134CP 135CP 136CP 1E 2E 3E 4E 5E 6E 7E 8E 9E The electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride (brine) is animportant industrial process for the production of chlorineand sodium hydroxide. In fact, this process is thesecond largest consumer of electricity in the UnitedStates, after the production of aluminum. Write a balancedequation for the electrolysis of aqueous sodiumchloride (hydrogen gas is also produced).11E 12E 13E 14E 15E 16E 17E 18E 19E 20E 21E 22E 23E 24E 25E 26E 27E 28E 29E 30E 31E 32E 33E 34E 35E 36E 37E 38E 39E 40E 41E 42E 43E 44E 45E 46E 47E 48E 49E The synthesis of ammonia gas from nitrogen gas andhydrogen gas represents a classic case in which a knowledgeof kinetics and equilibrium was used to make adesired chemical reaction economically feasible. Explainhow each of the following conditions helps to maximizethe yield of ammonia. a. running the reaction at an elevated temperature b. removing the ammonia from the reaction mixture asit forms c. using a catalyst d. running the reaction at high pressure 51E 52E 53E 54E 55E 56E 57E 58E 59E 60E 61E 62E 63E 64E 65E 66E 67E 68E 69E 70E 71E 72E 73E 74E 75E 76E 77E 78E 79E 80E 81E 82E 83E 84E 85E 86E 87E 88E 89E 90AE 91AE 92AE 93AE 94AE 95AE 96AE 97AE 98AE 99AE 100AE 101AE 102AE 103AE 104AE 105AE 106AE 107AE 108AE 109AE 110AE 111AE 112AE Hydrogen gas is being considered as a fuel for automobiles.There are many chemical means for producinghydrogen gas from water. One of these reactions is C(s)+H2O(g)CO(g)+H2(g) In this case the form of carbon used is graphite. a. Calculate H and S for this reaction using datafrom Appendix 4. b. At what temperature is G=0 for this reaction?Assume H and S do not depend ontemperature.114AE 115AE 116AE 117AE 118AE 119AE What is the molecular structure for each of the followingmolecules or ions? a.OCl2b.ClO4-c.ICl5d.PF6-121AE 122AE 123CP 124CP 125CP 126CP 127CP 128CP 129CP 130CP 131CP 132CP 133CP 1DQ 2DQ 3DQ 4DQ 5DQ 6E 7E

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