To review:
The effects of the aspirin and steroids on the
Introduction:
Aspirin is also known as the acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). It is a common nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID). It functions as antipyretic, analgesic, and anti-inflammatory molecule. The steroids are a class of organic compounds havingfour rings of carbon in theirmolecular structure. The examples of steroid include vitamin, slkaloids, and hormones.
Explanation of Solution
The rheumatoid arthritis is a diseased condition thatis characterized by the inflammation of joints. It is a type of the autoimmune disease, in which autoantibodies are produced against the body’s own cells. Thetreatment of rheumatoid arthritis is done by administration of aspirin or steroids that are used to suppress the pain and inflammation.
The mode of action ofaspirin includes the suppression of inflammation and pain. It is known to block the enzymeprostaglandin synthase, which converts arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. The steroids have the different mechanism to suppress the inflammation. In the macrophages, these steroids inhibit the phospholipase A2 that is used in the production of the arachidonic acid.
The steroid blocks the phospholipase A2, which is the precursor of arachidonic acid. The aspirin blocks the process in which arachidonic acid is converted to prostaglandins. Thus, they both help in suppressing the inflammation induced by the prostaglandin, a type of eicosanoids, but the steroids are more effective as they show immediate effects but should be administered only in severe cases because of their sideeffects.
Thus, it can be concluded that the steroids and the aspirin block the pathway used in the synthesis of theprostaglandins in the body and help in the suppression of inflammation. The difference between the two is that the steroid blocks the synthesis of the phospholipase A2. As a result, arachidonic acid is not synthesize, dhich is the starting precursors for other eicosanoids. While the aspirin blocks the subsequent steps used in the production of mediators of inflammation.
Want to see more full solutions like this?
Chapter 11 Solutions
BIOCHEMISTRY (LOOSELEAF)
- The Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Describe the genetic basis of antibody diversity.arrow_forwardThe Adaptive Immune Response Is a Specific Defense Against Infection Compare the general inflammatory response, the complement system, and the specific immune response.arrow_forwardComplement proteins function in defense by _______. a. neutralizing toxins b. enhancing resident bacteria c. promoting inflammation d. forming pores that cause pathogens to disintegrate e. both a and b f. both c and darrow_forward
- The Complement System Kills Microorganisms The complement system supplements the inflammatory response by directly killing microorganisms. Describe the life cycle of complement proteins, from their synthesis in the liver to their activity at the site of an infection.arrow_forwardHow many types of “foreign molecules” (use the proper term where needed) does each cell recognize? On the pathogen side – what molecules will be recognized by these immune cells? (no need for specific names, just a few examples of pathogen molecules that will trigger an immune response) Bloodwork indicates that a patient who has pneumonia is actively secreting different forms of antibody against Streptococcus pneumoniae. Explain how the patient can respond to this pathogen by secreting more than one antibody.arrow_forwardThe immune system can be split into two major categories, the innate immune system and the adaptive immune system. Compare and contrast these two systems and their response to a bacterial pathogen that entered the body through a cut in the skin. In your answer describe two ways in which the innate immune system protects against this pathogen, as well as two ways that the adaptive immune system protectS against this pathogen. Be sure to name any cells/organs/tissues/structures that may be involved in each of these processes in order to receive full marks. This can be done as a list in point form.arrow_forward
- Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity would be an important adaptive immune response to which of the following? Mark all that apply. Group of answer choices A dog infected with heartworms A human adult infected with a virus A pet rabbit with a fungal infection A child infected with Ascaris hookwormsarrow_forwardFor a vaccine to produce useful protection against an infection, which of the following must a person's immune system do in response to the vaccine? Choose all that apply. Group of answer choices Some white blood cells must form memory cells White blood cells which recognize the vaccine with their antibodies must reproduce The complement system must enter a long-term activated state White blood cells which recognize the vaccine must undergo apoptosisarrow_forwardEmil has fallen and scratched a wound on his knee. After a while, the knee swells and aches at the same time as it was pushing out of the wound. One week later, the wound has healed and the swelling is gone. Explain what happens in the comic strip below, from Figure 1-6. The following words should be used in the descriptive text; phagocytosis, pattern recognition receptors, pathogen associated molecular patterns, antigen presenting cell, migration, neutrophil, antigen, antibody, opsonization, MAC complex, mechanical barrier, microorganism, lymphatic vessel, memory T cell, helper T cell, B cell, memory B-cell, blood vessel, cardinal sign, lymph node, MHC, T-cell receptor, cell clone, complement, specificity, dendritic cell, macrophage, opsonin, plasarrow_forward
- Draw a schematic diagram of a typical IgG molecule and label each of the following parts: H chains, L chains, intrachain disulfide bonds, hinge, Fab, Fc, and all the domains. Indicate which domains are involved in antigen binding.arrow_forwardA hypothetical disorder prevents memory cells from forming. What effect would this have on the immune system? B lymphocytes would be affected, but not T lymphocytes, Vaccinations would no longer be useful, The inflammatory response would no longer be effective, or The adaptive immune response would cease to function, but the innate immune response would continue to function normally.arrow_forwardSome primitive organisms, such as invertebrates, have no lymphocytes and thus lack an adaptive immune system, but they have somecomponents of an innate immune system, including phagocytes andcertain protective proteins. What are some general features of innateimmunity that make it very valuable to organisms lacking more specific antibody- and cell-mediated responses? What are some disadvantages to having only an innate immune system?arrow_forward
- Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems (MindTap ...BiologyISBN:9781285866932Author:Lauralee SherwoodPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Heredity: Principles and Issues (MindTap Co...BiologyISBN:9781305251052Author:Michael CummingsPublisher:Cengage LearningHuman Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305112100Author:Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning