Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
12th Edition
ISBN: 9780134604718
Author: William S. Klug, Michael R. Cummings, Charlotte A. Spencer, Michael A. Palladino, Darrell Killian
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 11, Problem 27ESP
DNA polymerases in all organisms add only 5′
- (a) Sketch the reaction that DNA polymerase would have to catalyze if DNA synthesis occurred in the 3′ to 5′ direction.
- (b) Consider the information in your sketch and speculate as to why proofreading would be problematic.
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Chapter 11 Solutions
Concepts of Genetics (12th Edition)
Ch. 11 - In the Meselson-Stahl experiment, which of the...Ch. 11 - An alien organism was investigated. When DNA...Ch. 11 - Why might mutations in genes encoding telomerase...Ch. 11 - Although the brother is an immunologically matched...Ch. 11 - Prob. 3CSCh. 11 - HOW DOWE KNOW? In this chapter, we focused on how...Ch. 11 - CONCEPT QUESTION Review the Chapter Concepts list...Ch. 11 - Compare conservative, semiconservative, and...Ch. 11 - Describe the role of 15N in the MeselsonStahl...Ch. 11 - Predict the results of the experiment by Taylor,...
Ch. 11 - What are the requirements for in vitro synthesis...Ch. 11 - In Kornbergs initial experiments, it was rumored...Ch. 11 - How did Kornberg assess the fidelity of DNA...Ch. 11 - Which characteristics of DNA polymerase I raised...Ch. 11 - Kornberg showed that nucleotides are added to the...Ch. 11 - What was the significance of the polA1 mutation?Ch. 11 - Summarize and compare the properties of DNA...Ch. 11 - List and describe the function of the ten subunits...Ch. 11 - Distinguish between (a) unidirectional and...Ch. 11 - List the proteins that unwind DNA during in vivo...Ch. 11 - Define and indicate the significance of (a)...Ch. 11 - Outline the current model for DNA synthesis.Ch. 11 - Why is DNA synthesis expected to be more complex...Ch. 11 - Suppose that E. coli synthesizes DNA at a rate of...Ch. 11 - Several temperature-sensitive mutant strains of E....Ch. 11 - While many commonly used antibiotics interfere...Ch. 11 - Describe the end-replication problem in...Ch. 11 - Many of the gene products involved in DNA...Ch. 11 - In 1994, telomerase activity was discovered in...Ch. 11 - The genome of D. melanogaster consists of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 26ESPCh. 11 - DNA polymerases in all organisms add only 5...Ch. 11 - Assume that the sequence of bases shown below is...Ch. 11 - Reiji and Tuneko Okazaki conducted a now classic...Ch. 11 - Consider the drawing of a dinucleotide below. (a)...Ch. 11 - To gauge the fidelity of DNA synthesis, Arthur...
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- A solution containing single stranded DNA with the sequence 5’ATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGTCTNNNNN’3 undergoes DNA replication in vitro in the presence of all four nucleotides plus an amount of dideoxyadenosine triphosphate sufficient to compete for incorporation with deoxyadenosine triphosphate. How many and what DNA fragments are expected?arrow_forwardAs shown, five DnaA boxes are found within the origin of replication in E. coli. Take a look at these five sequences carefully. A. Are the sequences of the five DnaA boxes very similar to each other? (Hint: Remember that DNA is double-stranded; think about these sequences in the forward and reverse directions.) B. What is the most common sequence for a DnaA box? In other words, what is the most common base in the first position, second position, and so on until the ninth position? The most common sequence is called the consensus sequence. C. The E. coli chromosome is about 4.6 million bp long. Based on random chance, is it likely that the consensus sequence for a DnaA box occurs elsewhere in the E. coli chromosome? If so, why aren’t there multiple origins of replication in E. coli?arrow_forwardAssume that the sequence of bases shown below is presenton onenucleotide chain of a DNA duplex and that the chain has openedup at a replication fork. Synthesis of an RNA primer occurs on thistemplate starting at the base that is underlined.(a) If the RNA primer consists of eight nucleotides, what is itsbase sequence?(b) In the intact RNA primer, which nucleotide has a free 3'-OHterminus?3'.......GGCTACCTGGATTCA....5'arrow_forward
- In the following sequence, a cytosine was deaminated and is now a uracil (underlined). 5’-GGTAUTAAGC-3’ a. Which repair pathway(s) could restore this uracil to cytosine? b. If the uracil is not removed before a DNA replication fork passes through, what will be the sequences of the two resulting double helices? Provide the sequences of both strands of both helices. Label the old and new strands and underline the mutation(s). c. Could the mismatch repair pathway fix the mutations you’ve indicated in part b? d. If the cell undergoes mitosis, and the replicated DNAs are distributed into the two daughter cells. Will 0, 1, or 2 daughter cells have a mutation in this sequence?arrow_forwardAssume that a DNA sequencing reaction is carried out, except that the four different dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates are modified so that each contains a covalently attached dye of a different color (which does not interfere with its incorporation into the DNA chain). What would the products be if you added a mixture of all four of these labeled dideoxyribonucleoside triphosphates along with the four unlabeled deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates into a single sequencing reaction? What would the results look like if you electrophoresed these products in a single lane of a gel?arrow_forwardDeoxyadenylate residues in DNA undergo deamination fairly readily, as do deoxycytidylate residues. (a) What is the product of dAMP deamination? (b) The deamination product is known to base-pair with A, C, or T. What would be the genetic consequences if this deaminated site in DNA were not repaired and if it paired with C on the next round of replication?arrow_forward
- A temperature-sensitive mutation is one in which the defect is not presented functionally until the temperature is raised. In the case described below, the enzymes function normally in bacteria at 37 °C, but are non-functional at 40 °C. Predict the detailed molecular consequences of a loss of function in a temperature-sensitive mutant for each of the following enzymes: a) DNA gyrase, b) DNA polymerase III, c) DNA ligase, d) DNA polymerase I.arrow_forwardIn a DNA double helix, why doesn't an A or T form two hydrogen bonds (out of the three possible ) with G or C? Explain how DNA replication is bidirectional and discontinuous in nature?arrow_forwardDraw the structure of deoxyribose and number the carbon atoms.Describe the numbering of the carbon atoms in deoxyribose withregard to the directionality of a DNA strand. In a DNA doublehelix, what does the term antiparallel mean?arrow_forward
- What two basepair changes can occur when G tautomerizes to the enol form? Recall that the tautomerization can occur when G is a free dNTP prior to DNA replication or when G is incorporated into dsDNA just before DNA replication. Draw both of these bp changes out. Are they transitions or transversions?arrow_forwardThe relative proportions of cytosine-guanine and adeninethymine bonds in a DNA sample can be estimated by measuring its “melting temperature,” the temperature at which half of the DNA strands have pulled apart. Samples with a high percentage of cytosine-guanine pairs have a higher melting temperature than samples with a high percentage of adeninethymine pairs. Explain why this is so, considering the nature of the bonds that hold the base pairs together (look back at as shown).arrow_forwardSometimes DNA polymerase makes a mistake, and the wrong nucleotide is added to the growing DNA strand. With regard to pyrimidines and purines, two general types of mistakes are possible. The addition of an incorrect pyrimidine instead of the correct pyrimidine (e.g., adding cytosine where thymine should be added) is called a transition. If a pyrimidine is incorrectly added to the growing strand instead of purine (e.g., adding cytosine where an adenine should be added), this type of mistake is called a transversion. If a transition or transversion is not detected by DNA polymerase, a mutation is created that permanently changes the DNA sequence. Though both types of mutations are rare, transition mutations are more frequent than transversion mutations. Based on your understanding of DNA replication and DNA polymerase, offer three explanations why transition mutations are more common.arrow_forward
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