Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781259696534
Author: Yunus A. Cengel Dr., John M. Cimbala
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 11, Problem 28P
To determine
The amount of liters of fuel per year wasted.
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The drag coefficient of a car at the design conditions of 1 atm, 70°F, and 60 mi/h is to be determined experimentally in a large wind tunnel in a full-scale test. The frontal area of the car is 22.26 ft2. If the force acting on the car in the flow direction is measured to be 68 lbf, determine the drag coefficient of this car.
Bill gets a job delivering pizzas. The pizza company makes him mount a sign on the roof of his car. The frontal area of the sign is A = 0.612 ft2, and he estimates the drag coefficient to be CD = 0.94 at nearly all air speeds. Estimate how much additional money it costs Bill per year in fuel to drive with the sign on his roof compared to without the sign. Use the following additional information: He drives about 10,000 miles per year at an average speed of 45 mph. The overall car efficiency is 0.332, ? fuel = 50.2 lbm/ft3, and the heating value of the fuel is 1.53 × 107 ft . lbf/lbm. The fuel costs $3.50 per gallon. Use standard air properties. Be careful with unit conversions.
The manufacturer of a car reduces the drag coefficient of the car from 0.38 to 0.33 as a result of some modifications in its shape and design. If, on average, the aerodynamic drag accounts for 20 percent of the fuel consumption, the percent reduction in the fuel consumption of the car due to reducing the drag coefficient is (a) 15% (b) 13% (c) 6.6% (d ) 2.6% (e) 1.3%
Chapter 11 Solutions
Fluid Mechanics: Fundamentals and Applications
Ch. 11 - What is drag? What causes it? Why do we usually...Ch. 11 - Prob. 2CPCh. 11 - Which bicyclist is more likely to go faster: one...Ch. 11 - Prob. 4CPCh. 11 - Define the frontal area of a body subjected to...Ch. 11 - Define the planform area of a body subjected to...Ch. 11 - Prob. 7CPCh. 11 - What is the difference between streamlined and...Ch. 11 - Prob. 9CPCh. 11 - During flow over a given body, the drag force, the...
Ch. 11 - During flow over a given slender body such as a...Ch. 11 - What is terminal velocity? How is it determined?Ch. 11 - What is the difference between skin friction drag...Ch. 11 - What is the effect of surface roughness on the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 15CPCh. 11 - What is flow separation? What causes it? What is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 17CPCh. 11 - Consider laminar flow over a flat plate. How does...Ch. 11 - In general, how does the drag coefficient vary...Ch. 11 - Fairings are attached to the front and back of a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 21PCh. 11 - The resultant of the pressure and wall shear...Ch. 11 - Prob. 23PCh. 11 - Prob. 24PCh. 11 - To reduce the drag coefficient and thus to improve...Ch. 11 - A circular sign has a diameter of 50 cm and is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 28PCh. 11 - Prob. 29PCh. 11 - At highway speeds, about half of the power...Ch. 11 - A submarine can be treated as an ellipsoid with a...Ch. 11 - A 70-kg bicyclist is riding her 1 5-kg bicycle...Ch. 11 - A wind turbine with two or four hollow...Ch. 11 - During steady motion of a vehicle on a level road,...Ch. 11 - Prob. 37EPCh. 11 - A 0.80-m-diameter, 1 .2-rn-high garbage can is...Ch. 11 - An 8-mm-diameter plastic sphere whose density is...Ch. 11 - Prob. 40PCh. 11 - The drag coefficient of a vehicle increases when...Ch. 11 - To reduce the drag coefficient and thus to improve...Ch. 11 - During major windstorms, high vehicles such as RVs...Ch. 11 - What does the friction coefficient represent in...Ch. 11 - What fluid property is responsible for the...Ch. 11 - How is the average friction coefficient determined...Ch. 11 - Prob. 47EPCh. 11 - The local atmospheric pressure in Denver, Colorado...Ch. 11 - Prob. 50PCh. 11 - Prob. 51EPCh. 11 - Air at 25C and 1 atm is flowing over a long flat...Ch. 11 - Prob. 54PCh. 11 - During a winter day, wind at 70 km/h, 5C , and I...Ch. 11 - Prob. 56PCh. 11 - The forming section of a plastics plant puts out a...Ch. 11 - Prob. 58CPCh. 11 - Why is flow separation in flow over cylinders...Ch. 11 - Prob. 60CPCh. 11 - A 5-mm-diameter electrical transmission line is...Ch. 11 - A 1ong 5-cm-diameter steam pipe passes through...Ch. 11 - Consider 0.8-cm-diameter hail that is falling...Ch. 11 - Prob. 64EPCh. 11 - Prob. 65PCh. 11 - Prob. 66PCh. 11 - Prob. 67EPCh. 11 - One of the popular demonstrations in science...Ch. 11 - Prob. 69PCh. 11 - What is stall? What causes an airfoil to stall?...Ch. 11 - Prob. 71CPCh. 11 - Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at zero...Ch. 11 - Both the lift and the drag of an airfoil increase...Ch. 11 - Prob. 74CPCh. 11 - Prob. 75CPCh. 11 - Air is flowing past a symmetrical airfoil at an...Ch. 11 - Prob. 77CPCh. 11 - Prob. 78CPCh. 11 - Prob. 79CPCh. 11 - Prob. 80CPCh. 11 - How do flaps affect the lift and the drag of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 82EPCh. 11 - Consider an aircraft that takes off at 260 km/h...Ch. 11 - Prob. 84PCh. 11 - Prob. 85PCh. 11 - A tennis ball with a mass of 57 and a diameter of...Ch. 11 - A small aircraft has a wing area of 40 m2, a lift...Ch. 11 - Prob. 89PCh. 11 - Consider a light plane that has a total weight of...Ch. 11 - A small airplane has a total mass of 1800 kg and a...Ch. 11 - An airplane has a mass of 48.000 k. a wins area of...Ch. 11 - Prob. 93EPCh. 11 - Prob. 94PCh. 11 - Prob. 95EPCh. 11 - A 2-zn-high, 4-zn-wide rectangular advertisement...Ch. 11 - 11-97 A plastic boat whose bottom surface can be...Ch. 11 - Prob. 99PCh. 11 - Prob. 100EPCh. 11 - A commercial airplane has a total mass of 150.000...Ch. 11 - Prob. 102PCh. 11 - Prob. 103PCh. 11 - Prob. 104PCh. 11 - Prob. 105PCh. 11 - Prob. 107PCh. 11 - Prob. 108PCh. 11 - Prob. 109PCh. 11 - Prob. 110PCh. 11 - Prob. 111PCh. 11 - Prob. 113PCh. 11 - Prob. 115PCh. 11 - Prob. 116PCh. 11 - Prob. 117PCh. 11 - Prob. 118PCh. 11 - Prob. 119PCh. 11 - The region of flow trailing the body where the...Ch. 11 - Prob. 121PCh. 11 - Prob. 122PCh. 11 - Prob. 123PCh. 11 - Prob. 124PCh. 11 - Prob. 125PCh. 11 - Prob. 126PCh. 11 - An airplane has a total mass of 3.000kg and a wing...Ch. 11 - Prob. 128PCh. 11 - Write a report on the history of the reduction of...Ch. 11 - Write a report oil the flips used at the leading...Ch. 11 - Discuss how to calculate drag force a unsteady...Ch. 11 - Large commercial airplanes cruise at high...Ch. 11 - Many drivers turn off their air conditioners and...Ch. 11 - Consider the boundary layer growing on a flat...
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- A 17,000-kg tractor-trailer rig has a frontal area of 9.2 m2, a drag coefficient of 0.96, a rolling resistance coefficient of 0.05 (multiplying the weight of a vehicle by the rolling resistance coefficient gives the rolling resistance), a bearing friction resistance of 350 N, and a maximum speed of 110 km/h on a level road during steady cruising in calm weather with an air density of 1.25 kg/m3. Now a fairing is installed to the front of the rig to suppress separation and to streamline the flow to the top surface, and the drag coefficient is reduced to 0.76. Determine the maximum speed of the rig with the fairing.arrow_forwardA commercial airplane has a total mass of 70,000 kg and a wing planform area of 150 m2. The plane has a cruising speed of 558 km/h and a cruising altitude of 12,000 m, where the air density is 0.312 kg/m3. The plane has double-slotted flaps for use during takeoff and landing, but it cruises with all flaps retracted. Assuming the lift and the drag characteristics of the wings can be approximated by NACA 23012 , determine (a) the minimum safe speed for takeoff and landing with and without extending the flaps, (b) the angle of attack to cruise steadily at the cruising altitude, and (c) the power that needs to be supplied to provide enough thrust to overcome wing drag.arrow_forwardA shuttlecock is launched from the ground with an initial speed of 37.3135 m/s at an angle of 7.8471 degrees with respect to the horizontal. The shuttlecock experiences air resistance with a drag coefficient of 0.1535 in an environment where the air density is 0.5852 kg/m3. If the shuttlecock has a radius of 3.4 cm and a mass of 5.2 grams, what is the maximum height reached by the shuttlecock? Assume that the experiment is done near the surface of the earth.arrow_forward
- 13.94. A body travels through 60° standard air at 60 mph, and 5.5 hp is required to maintain this speed. If the projected area is 13.5 ft2 , find the drag coefficient. Ans. 0.28arrow_forwardJanie likes to drive with a tennis ball on her car antenna. The ball diameter is D = 2.62 in and its equivalent roughness factor is «/D 5 1.5 * 1023. Her friends tell her she is wasting gas because of the additional drag on the ball. Estimate how much money (in dollars) she wastes per year by driving around with this tennis ball on her antenna. Use the following additional information: She drives mostly on the highway, about 16,000 miles per year at an average speed of 55 mph. The overall car efficiency is 0.308, rfuel = 50.2 lbm/ft3, and the heating value of the fuel is 1.47 * 107 ft·lbf/lbm. The fuel costs $4.00 per gallon. Use standard air properties. Be careful with unit conversions. Should Janie remove the tennis ball?arrow_forwardA commercial airplane has a total mass of 150,000 lbm and a wing planform area of 1700 ft2. The plane has a cruising speed of 625 mi/h and a cruising altitude of 38,000 ft where the air density is 0.0208 lbm/ft3. The plane has double-slotted flaps for use during takeoff and landing, but it cruises with all flaps retracted. Assuming the lift and drag characteristics of the wings can be approximated by NACA 23012, determine (a) the minimum safe speed for takeoff and landing with and without extending the flaps, (b) the angle of attack to cruise steadily at the cruising altitude, and (c) the power that needs to be supplied to provide enough thrust to overcome drag. Take the air density on the ground to be 0.075 lbm/ft3.arrow_forward
- A small aircraft has a wing area of 37 m2, a lift coefficient of 0.45 at takeoff settings, and a total mass of 4300 kg. Determine the following: The takeoff speed of this aircraft at sea level at standard atmospheric conditions The wing loading The required power to maintain a constant cruising speed of 300 km/h for a cruising drag coefficient of 0.036arrow_forwardName some applications in which a large drag is desired.arrow_forwardTo reduce the drag coefficient and thus to improve the fuel efficiency, the frontal area of a car is to be reduced. Determine the amount of fuel and money saved per year as a result of reducing the frontal area from 20 to 13 ft2. Assume the car is driven 12,000 mi a year at an average speed of 55 mi/h. Take the density and price of gasoline to be 50 lbm/ft3 and $3.10/gal, respectively; the density of air to be 0.075 lbm/ft3, the heating value of gasoline to be 20,000 Btu/lbm; and the overall efficiency of the drive train to be 30 percent.arrow_forward
- What is the formula and variables in finding the air drag of a motorcycle?arrow_forwardHow does a winglet on the wing tip reduce induced drag? Which drag is higher if an aircraft is flying at 100knts and the L/Dmax is 120knts? How do you know this?arrow_forwardThe oil tanker has a smooth surface area of 4.7(1033) m2m2 in contact with the sea. The velocity of the ship is 2 m/sm/s. Suppose that L� = 350 mm . Take ρ� = 1030 kg/m3kg/m3 and μ� = 1.14(10−3−3) N⋅s/m2N⋅s/m2. ( Determine the friction drag on its hull. Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units. Determine the power required to overcome this force. Express your answer to three significant figures and include the appropriate units.arrow_forward
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