Chapter 13, Problem 39P

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Anti-Markovnikov’s rule: Unsymmetrical alkene reacts with hydrogen halide, halide ions goes to the less substitution position of carbon-carbon double bond which provides alkyl halides.

Dehydration reaction:

Removal of water molecule from the reaction when the alcohol is treated with strong acid like sulfuric acid and gives alkene.

The stability of carbocation is given below,

Tertiary carbocation is more stable than the secondary and primary.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Using necessary organic or inorganic reagents, the synthesis of given compounds has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Alkenes undergoes bromination reaction using bromine which yields the dibromo compound, bromination takes place in the double bond of the alkenes.

Heck reaction:

The Heck reaction is a cross-coupling reaction of an alkyl halide with an alkene to make a substituted alkenes using palladium as a catalyst and a base.

Hydrogenation:

Alkenes undergoes hydrogenation using Pd/C and hydrogen will reduce alkene to alkane