Chapter 1.3, Problem 4MI

Summary Introduction

To sequence:

The basic steps in scientific methods by completing the given flowchart

Introduction:

Science is a body of knowledge based on study of nature. Biologists follow specific steps to do research and answer queries. These are called scientific methods. They conduct experiments, collect data, make hypothesis and gather evidences. There are no fixed steps to follow yet scientific investigations involve making observations and collecting information.

Answer to Problem 4MI

  

Explanation of Solution

Biologists follow the same basic steps to do research and answer queries. These are called scientific methods. No matter where the biologists work, they use similar methods to gather information and answer questions. These include making observations, collecting data, forming hypothesis, conducting experiments, recording data, drawing inferences, comparing results with other experiments etc.

1. Make observations− This is the first step towards any scientific discovery which occurs when a scientist notices something new which no one else has seen before. First a scientist observes something new which catches his/ her attention. This is called observation. Scientists look for minute details if they see something interesting. For example after the discovery of cell by Robert Hooke, many scientists observed cells in a variety of organisms.
2. Form a hypothesis − A testable explanation of a situation is called a hypothesis. When the hypothesis is supported by data from additional investigations, usually it is considered valid and is accepted by scientific community. If not, the hypothesis is revised, and more investigations are conducted.
3. Conduct experiments − A test or investigation designed to evaluate a hypothesis or a theory in a controlled setting is called an experiment. In scientific methods, experiments play an important role. While some experiments are done in laboratories, others are done outside in natural setting. Controlled experiments involve a control group and an experimental group. Experimental group includes a group that is exposed to the factor being tested. Control group includes a group that is used for comparison without the factor. By comparing the results of the control and experimental groups the biologists draw conclusions about the effect of the variable.
4. Compare data- As scientists test their hypothesis; they gather data which can be quantitative or qualitative. They compare the actual results of their experiment with expected results and conduct other kinds of scientific inquiry.
5. Draw conclusions- After analyzing data from investigations; a biologist draws conclusions about whether his or her hypothesis has been supported by the data. If the hypothesis is not supported, they repeat the experiment or test an alternative hypothesis.
6. Publish the conclusions- Biologists report their findings in science journals. Before publishing the work, it is also sent for peer reviewing where the reviewers examine the paper for originality, accuracy and competence of scientific method used. If the reviewers do not find any fault, the paper is published for use by other scientists.