Organic And Biological Chemistry
Organic And Biological Chemistry
7th Edition
ISBN: 9781305081079
Author: STOKER, H. Stephen (howard Stephen)
Publisher: Cengage Learning,
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Concept explainers

Question
Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(a)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not cholesterol produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Cholesterol is an important component of cell membranes. It is used as the precursor for sex hormones, bile salts, and adrenal hormones. The biosynthesis of cholesterol occurs in the liver. It is a C27 molecule. The structure of cholesterol is as follows:

Organic And Biological Chemistry, Chapter 14, Problem 14.109EP

(b)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not acetoacetyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Ketogenesis is a metabolic process by which ketone bodies are produced by the breakdown of fatty acids and ketogenic amino acids. This metabolic process supplies organs with needed energy under certain circumstances such as starvation. Fatty acid molecules degrade into acetyl CoA which are utilized as reactants in the process of ketogenesis. Acetyl CoA undergoes the process of condensation twice, followed by chain

cleavage and hydrogenation to produce ketone bodies.

(c)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not malonyl CoA produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as theβ-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Lipogenesis is the process employed for the synthesis of fatty acid. The starting precursor for the synthesis is acetyl CoA. The enzyme employed for the process is fatty acid synthase. It is a multienzyme complex that ties the reaction responsible for the synthesis of fatty acid.

A cyclic process occurs in the enzyme fatty acid synthase. One turn of this cyclic process

constitutes four reactions. The various intermediates formed in the process are associated

with a carrier protein known as ACP.

(d)

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Whether or not pyruvate produced from acetyl CoA (1) can be produced in a one-step process, (2) can be produced in a multistep process, or (3) cannot be produced from acetyl CoA has to be indicated.

Concept introduction:

Fatty acids are molecules that are long hydrocarbon chain of carboxylic acid. They are building blocks of fat in humans and animals.

The fatty acids are broken down to provide energy. The breakdown of fatty acids is a three parts process. In the first part, the fatty acid is activated. In the second part, the transportation of fatty acid into the mitochondrial matrix is facilitated by a shuttle mechanism. In the third part, the fatty acid is readily oxidized, cycling through a series of four reactions. In these series of reactions, acyl CoA is degraded to acetyl CoA. This pathway is termed as the β-oxidation pathway. Acetyl CoA, FADH2, and NADH are produced in this reaction.

Pyruvate is the end product in the glycolysis. In the presence of oxygen, pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA by the involvement of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex enzymes in the human body.

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Energy from the breakdown of citrate (formed from acetyl groups) is captured by what compound in steps 3, 4, and 8 of the citric acid cycle?

Chapter 14 Solutions

Organic And Biological Chemistry

Ch. 14.3 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.4 - In the oxidation of fatty acids, what two...Ch. 14.4 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.4 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.4 - Prob. 4QQCh. 14.4 - Prob. 5QQCh. 14.4 - Prob. 6QQCh. 14.5 - Prob. 1QQCh. 14.5 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.5 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.6 - Prob. 1QQCh. 14.6 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.6 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.6 - Prob. 4QQCh. 14.6 - Prob. 5QQCh. 14.6 - Prob. 6QQCh. 14.7 - The process of lipogenesis occurs in the a....Ch. 14.7 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.7 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.7 - Prob. 4QQCh. 14.7 - The reducing agent needed in the process of...Ch. 14.7 - Prob. 6QQCh. 14.8 - Prob. 1QQCh. 14.8 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.9 - Prob. 1QQCh. 14.9 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.9 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.9 - Prob. 4QQCh. 14.10 - Which of the following substances cannot be...Ch. 14.10 - Prob. 2QQCh. 14.10 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14.11 - Prob. 1QQCh. 14.11 - Which of the following B-vitamin-containing...Ch. 14.11 - Prob. 3QQCh. 14 - Indicate whether each of the following aspects of...Ch. 14 - Indicate whether each of the following aspects of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.3EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.4EPCh. 14 - Indicate whether each of the following statements...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.6EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.7EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.8EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.9EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.10EPCh. 14 - At what location are free fatty acids and...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.12EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.13EPCh. 14 - What is the major metabolic function of adipose...Ch. 14 - What is triacylglycerol mobilization?Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.16EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.17EPCh. 14 - Triacylglycerols in adipose tissue do not enter...Ch. 14 - In which step of glycerol metabolism does each of...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.20EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.21EPCh. 14 - How does the structure of dihydroxyacetone...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.23EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.24EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.25EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.26EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.27EPCh. 14 - Identify the oxidizing agent needed in Step 3 of a...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.29EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.30EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.31EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.32EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.33EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.34EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.35EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.36EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.37EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.38EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.39EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.40EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.41EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.42EPCh. 14 - How many turns of the -oxidation pathway would be...Ch. 14 - How many turns of the -oxidation pathway would be...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.45EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.46EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.47EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.48EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.49EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.50EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.51EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.52EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.53EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.54EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.55EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.56EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.57EPCh. 14 - Which yield more NADH, saturated or unsaturated...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.59EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.60EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.61EPCh. 14 - Why does a deficiency of carbohydrates in the diet...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.63EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.64EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.65EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.66EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.67EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.68EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.69EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.70EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.71EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.72EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.73EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.74EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.75EPCh. 14 - Severe ketosis situations produce acidosis....Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.77EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.78EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.79EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.80EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.81EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.82EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.83EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.84EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.85EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.86EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.87EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.88EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.89EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.90EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.91EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.92EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.93EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.94EPCh. 14 - What role does molecular oxygen, O2, play in fatty...Ch. 14 - Prob. 14.96EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.97EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.98EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.99EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.100EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.101EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.102EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.103EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.104EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.105EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.106EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.107EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.108EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.109EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.110EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.111EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.112EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.113EPCh. 14 - Prob. 14.114EP
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