Concept explainers
The authors of the paper “Weight-Bearing Activity during Youth Is a More Important Factor for Peak Bone Mass than Calcium Intake” (Journal of Bone and Mineral Density [1994]: 1089–1096) used a multiple regression model to describe the relationship between
- a. The authors concluded that both body weight and weight-bearing activity were important predictors of bone mineral density and that there was no significant interaction between body weight and weight-bearing activity. What multiple regression
function is consistent with this description? - b. The value of the coefficient of body weight in the multiple regression function given in the paper is 0.587. Interpret this value.
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Chapter 14 Solutions
Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis
- An attempt was made to construct a regression model explaining student scores in intermediate economics courses (Waldauer, Duggal, and Williams 1992). The population regression model assumed thatY = total student score in intermediate economics coursesX1 = mathematics score on Scholastic Aptitude TestX2 = verbal score on Scholastic Aptitude TestX3 = grade in college algebra (A = 4, B = 3, C = 2, D = 1)X4 = grade in college principles of economics courseX5 = dummy variable taking the value 1 if the student is female and 0 if maleX6 = dummy variable taking the value 1 if the instructor is male and 0 if femaleX7 = dummy variable taking the value 1 if the student and instructor are the same gender and 0 otherwiseThis model was fitted to data on 262 students. Next we report t-ratios, so that tj is the ratio of the estimate of bj to its associated estimated standard error. These ratios are as follows:t1 = 4.69, t2 = 2.89, t3 = 0.46, t4 = 4.90,t5 = 0.13, t6 = -1.08, t7 = 0.88The objective of…arrow_forwardA researcher records age in years (x) and systolic blood pressure (y) for volunteers. They perform a regression analysis was performed, and a portion of the computer output is as follows: ŷ = 4.3 14.9x Coefficients (Intercept) X Estimate St 4.3 Ho: B₁ = 0 Ha: B₁ > 0 B1 O Ho: B₁ Ha: B₁ <0 = 0 14.9 B1 O Ho: B₁ = 0 0 Ha: B1 Std. Error Test statistic P-value 2.9 5.1 1.48 Specify the null and the alternative hypotheses that you would use in order to test whether a negative linear relationship exists between x and y. 2.92 0.08 0.01arrow_forwardA researcher records age in years (x) and systolic blood pressure (y) for volunteers. They perform a regression analysis was performed, and a portion of the computer output is as follows: ŷ = 4.5+ 14.4x Coefficients (Intercept) x Estimate 4.5 Ho: B₁ = 0 H₁: B₁ > 0 Ho: B₁ = 0 Ha: B₁ <0 14.4 Ho: B₁ = 0 Ha: B₁ #0 Std. Error Test statistic 2.9 4.7 1.55 3.06 P-value Specify the null and the alternative hypotheses that you would use in order to test whether a linear relationship exists between x and y. 0.07 0arrow_forward
- Friesen and Shine (2019) wanted to determine whether male Australian cane toads have different testes sizes in different parts of the species' range (edge of the range vs. core of the range). As part of the study, they needed to quantify how big a toad's testes are relative to the toad's body size. They decided to perform a linear regression of total testes mass (in mg) against body mass (in g) and use the residual for each toad as a measure of the toad's relative testes size. The Coefficient Estimates table for their least-squares regression procedure is shown below. Term Coefficient Standard Error t-value Pr > |t| (Intercept) 19.192 43.082 0.44547 0.65643 body mass 3.0063 0.36387 8.262 1.5733e-1 (a) Suppose the researchers do a t-test for the slope of the linear model. Write the null hypothesis for the test and show that, under the null hypothesis, the observed value of the t-statistic is indeed 8.262. (That is, do the appropriate computations to prove the value is 8.262) (b) The…arrow_forwardAcrylamide is a chemical that is sometimes found in cooked starchy foods and which is thought to increase the risk of certain kinds of cancer. The paper "A Statistical Regression Model for the Estimation of Acrylamide Concentrations in French Fries for Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk Assessment"t describes a study to investigate the effect of x = y = acrylamide concentration (in micrograms per kg) in French fries. The data in the accompanying table are approximate values read from a graph that appeared in the paper. frying time (in seconds) and %3D Frying Time Acrylamide Concentration 150 155 240 115 240 190 270 180 300 140 300 265arrow_forwardA linear regression model has been estimated for the variables Y="monthly consumption of veal (kg)", X1="monthly monetary household income (thousand EUR)" and X2="household size (number of members)" using data for a random sample of 80 households. The following results have been obtained: b0=0.3 b1=0.5 b2=0.7 R-sq=0.9 R=0.95,Interpret the value of regression coefficient b2.arrow_forward
- A researcher records age in years (x) and systolic blood pressure (y) for volunteers. They perform a regression analysis was performed, and a portion of the computer output is as follows: ŷ = 3.3 +12.7x Coefficients (Intercept) X Estimate Std. Error Test statistic O Ho: B₁: = 0 Ha: B₁ 0 O Ho: B₁ = 0 Ha: B₁ 0 12.7 2.2 6.4 1.5 1.98 P-value Specify the null and the alternative hypotheses that you would use in order to test whether a positive linear relationship exists between x and y. 0.08 0.03arrow_forwardA study of the effect of massage on boxing performance measured a boxer's blood lactate concentration (in mM) and perceived recovery (on a 28-point scale). On the basis of the information provided by the study, the data shown in the accompanying table were obtained for 16 five-round boxing performances in which a massage was given to the boxer between rounds. Conduct a test to determine whether blood lactate level (y) is linearly related to perceived recovery (x). Use α = 0.10. Click the icon to view the table of boxer blood data. X Boxer Blood Data Perceived Recovery Determine the correct null and alternative hypotheses. Choose the correct answer below. Blood Lactate Level 3.8 4.4 8 8 O A. Ho: B₁ 0 OB. Ho: B₁0, H₂: B₁ 0 4.1 11 5.0 11 = E. Ho: B₁0, H₂: B₁ #0 OF. Ho: B₁ #0, H₂: B₁ = 0 1 a 1 5.3 11 4.2 14 Find the test statistic. 2.4 17 t = (Round to three decimal places as needed.) 3.7 17 5.3 17 5.8 18 6.0 18 5.9 21 6.3 21 5.5 20 6.5 27arrow_forwardAn article in Wood Science and Technology, "Creep in Chipboard, Part 3: Initial Assessment of the lInfluence of Moisture Content and Level of Stressing on Rate of Creep and Time to Failure" (1981, Vol. 15. pp. 125-144) studied the deflection (mm) of particleboard from stress levels of relative humidity. Assume that the two variables are related according to the simple linear regression model. The data are shown below x = Stress level (%) 54 54 61 61 68 68 75 75 75 y = Deflection (mm) 16.473 18.693 14.305 15.121 13.505 11.64 11.168 12.534 11.224 a. Calculate the least square estimates of the intercept (a) and slope (b). What is the estimate of o (c)? b. Find the estimate of the mean deflection if the stress level can be limited to 69% (d). c. Estimate the change in the mean deflection associated with a 8% increment in stress level (e). (a) 1.118 (Round your answer to 2 decimal places.) (b) i 12.936 (Round your answer to 3 decimal places.) (c) -2.216 (Round your answer to 3 decimal…arrow_forward
- An article in the Journai of Sound and Vibration (Vol. 151, 1991, pp. 383-394) described a study investigating the relationship between noise ... yx yx 1 60 5 85 0 63 4 89 1 65 6 90 2 70 8 90 5 70 1 90 1 70 5 90 4 80 7 94 6 90 9 100 2 80 7 100 3 80 6 100 Fit a linear regression model relating blood pressure rise in millimeters of mercury (v) to sound pressure level in decibels (x) using least squares. Does a simple linear regression model (slope) seem reasonable in this situation? Input Yes or No. Blank 1 What are the least squares estimate of the slope? Input answer up to 3 decimal places, i.e., 0.000. Blank 2arrow_forwardWrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength are the two most important characteristics for evaluating the performance of crosslinked cotton fabric. An increase in the degree of crosslinking, as determined by ester carboxyl band absorbance, improves the wrinkle resistance of the fabric (at the expense of reducing mechanical strength). The accompanying data on x = absorbance and y = wrinkle resistance angle was read from a graph in the paper "Predicting the Performance of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabric with Infrared Spectroscopy".† x 0.115 0.126 0.183 0.246 0.282 0.344 0.355 0.452 0.491 0.554 0.651 y 334 342 355 363 365 372 381 392 400 412 420 Here is regression output from Minitab: Predictor Constant absorb S = 3.60498 Coef 321.878 156.711 SOURCE Regression Residual Error Total SE Coef 2.483 6.464 R-Sq = 98.5% DF 1 9 10 SS 7639.0 117.0 7756.0 T 129.64 24.24 0.000 0.000 R-Sq (adj) = 98.3% MS 7639.0 13.0 F P 587.81 (a) Does the simple linear regression model appear to be…arrow_forwardWrinkle recovery angle and tensile strength are the two most important characteristics for evaluating the performance of crosslinked cotton fabric. An increase in the degree of crosslinking, as determined by ester carboxyl band absorbance, improves the wrinkle resistance of the fabric (at the expense of reducing mechanical strength). The accompanying data on x = absorbance and y = wrinkle resistance angle was read from a graph in the paper "Predicting the Performance of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabric with Infrared Spectroscopy".t 半 0.115 0.126 0.183 0.246 0.282 0.344 0.355 0.452 0.491 0.554 0.651 334 342 355 363 365 372 381 392 400 412 420 Here is regression output from Minitab: Predictor Coef SE Coef P Constant 321.878 2.483 129.64 0.000 absorb 156.711 6.464 24.24 0.000 S = 3.60498 R-Sq = 98.5% R-Są (adj) - 98.3% SOURCE DF MS F P Regression 1 7639.0 7639.0 587.81 0.000 Residual Error 9 117.0 13.0 Total 10 7756.0 (a) Does the simple linear regression model appear to be…arrow_forward
- Calculus For The Life SciencesCalculusISBN:9780321964038Author:GREENWELL, Raymond N., RITCHEY, Nathan P., Lial, Margaret L.Publisher:Pearson Addison Wesley,Glencoe Algebra 1, Student Edition, 9780079039897...AlgebraISBN:9780079039897Author:CarterPublisher:McGraw Hill