Interpretation:
The steps for acid and base catalyzed reactions involved in
Concept introduction:
The reaction of water with acetone can take place under acidic or basic conditions.
Water reacts with acetone to form gem
Electrophiles are electron deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
Acceleration of
Acceleration of chemical reaction by addition of base, without being consumed in the reaction is called base catalyzed reaction.
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ORGANIC CHEM. VOL.1+2-W/WILEYPLUS
- 16.55 Working backwards, deduce the starting material that led to the indicated product through the defined reactions. (1) MsCl, pyr (2) KCN, DMF (a) A (1) (a) NaH; (b) HCOCH 3 (2) mCPBA (3) MeMgBr; H3O+ (4) NaH, Mel OMe X (b) B (3) MeMgBr; H₂O+ (4) H₂NNH₂, cat. HA (5) KOH, Aarrow_forward1. Provide the products for the reaction below and show how they are formed. (a) There are three products. Ph Ph Ph hvarrow_forwardSelect the nitrogen atoms that can undergo protonation easily. Select all that apply. Br NH NH2 H.arrow_forward
- 4 5 Arrange the following bases in increasing base strength. There is no partial credit on this problem. Weakest base 1 2 3 Pyridine (C5H5N), Kb = 1.7 x 10-⁹ Aniline (C6H5NH2), Kb = 3.9 x 10-10 Strongest base Methylamine (CH3NH₂), Kb = 4.4 x 10-4 Hydrazine (N2H4), Kb = 1.3 x 10-6 ⠀ Dimethylamine ((CH3)2NH), K₂ = 5.1 x 10-4arrow_forward4. The following two compounds are protonated when treated with one mole equivalent of a strong acid (e.g. HCI). For each compound, draw the equilibrium to show the preferred site of protonation and give an estimate of the base strength (pKaH). -OHarrow_forwardPlease help.arrow_forward
- Arrange the following substances according to their increasing acidity a) c) Fenol, p-metilfenol,p-(trifluorometil):fenol d) fenol, ácido p hidroxibenzoico CH3CHCH2CH2CH3 OCH3 CH3CH2O- CH₂OH CH3 c) Fenol, p-metilfenol,p-(trifluorometil): fenol fenol, ácido p-hidroxibenzoicoarrow_forwardAnswer questions a-c about the Bronsted acid-base reaction below using the identifying letters A-D below each structure. The pKa's for the acids of interest are: ethylammonium ion (pK = 10.8), and hydrogen chloride (pKa = -7). CH3- NH2 CH3. NH3 cī H-CI H2 A в D chloride ethylamine hydrogen chloride ethylammonium a) The stronger acid is b) Its conjugate base is c) The species that predominate at equilibrium are (two letters, e.g. ac)arrow_forwardAnswer questions a-c about the Bronsted acid-base reaction below using the identifying letters A-D below each structure. A table of pka values for various organic and inorganic acids can be found in the references section. CH3 CH3 HO CH3 A в C ethanol D ethoxide toluene benzyl anion a) The weaker base is b) Its conjugate acid is c) The species that predominate at equilibrium are (two letters, e.g. AC)arrow_forward
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