Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
6th Edition
ISBN: 9781259700903
Author: Leland Hartwell Dr., Michael L. Goldberg Professor Dr., Janice Fischer, Leroy Hood Dr.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 18, Problem 25P
Nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) of a double-strand break almost always results in perfect resealing of the DNA lesion, without the loss or gain of
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DNA polymerases are capable of editing and error correction, meaning it is able to edit and correct single base error so that the gene is not affected. However, RNA polymerase has a limited capacity for error correction. Given that a single base error in either replication or transcription can lead to error in protein synthesis, suggest a brief explanation for this difference in the capability of error correction between DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase.
Why can’t a linear duplex DNA, such as that of bacteriophage T7, be fully replicated by just E. coli-encoded proteins?
The 3′-exonuclease activity of E. coli DNA polymerase I was found to show no discrimination between correctly and incorrectly base-paired nucleotides at the 3′-terminus; properly and improperly base-paired nucleotides are cleaved at equal rates there. How can this observation be reconciled with the fact that the 3′-exonuclease activity increases the accuracy with which template DNA is copied?
Chapter 18 Solutions
Genetics: From Genes to Genomes
Ch. 18 - Match each of the terms in the left column to the...Ch. 18 - Mice are usually gray, but a mouse geneticist has...Ch. 18 - Sometimes, genes transferred into the mouse genome...Ch. 18 - In mice, a group of so-called Hox genes encode...Ch. 18 - The fly eyes shown in Fig. 18.7 are malformed...Ch. 18 - This problem concerns a technique called enhancer...Ch. 18 - Fish and other organisms that live in the Arctic...Ch. 18 - a. Describe two ways you could potentially make a...Ch. 18 - Figure 18.6 shows a picture of Glofish ,...Ch. 18 - Some people are concerned about the possible...
Ch. 18 - The goal of the Knockout Mouse Project is to...Ch. 18 - Prob. 12PCh. 18 - Prob. 13PCh. 18 - a. Which genome manipulation technique would you...Ch. 18 - a. Diagram a knockin construct that could have...Ch. 18 - Prob. 16PCh. 18 - Prob. 17PCh. 18 - The transcription factor Pax6 is required...Ch. 18 - Mouse models for human genetic diseases are...Ch. 18 - One way to determine where inside a cell a protein...Ch. 18 - In Problem 5 in Chapter 17, you saw that a SNP...Ch. 18 - Scientists now routinely use CRISPR/Cas9 to make...Ch. 18 - Geneticists are currently considering using...Ch. 18 - a. Figures 18.9 and 18.12 demonstrated methods to...Ch. 18 - Nonhomologous end-joining NHEJ of a double-strand...Ch. 18 - One problem that researchers sometimes encounter...Ch. 18 - Researchers at the University of California at San...Ch. 18 - Prob. 28PCh. 18 - F. Port and S. Bullock at the University of...Ch. 18 - On Fig 18.14, locate the PAM site and identify the...Ch. 18 - Prob. 31PCh. 18 - Prob. 32PCh. 18 - Recall that Leber congenital amaurosis LCA, a form...Ch. 18 - One potential strategy for gene therapy to correct...Ch. 18 - Recently, scientists have used a mouse model for...
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- Which of the following is a correct statement about CRISPR-Cas-9 gene editing? Group of answer choices A single guide RNA (sgRNA) recognizes a genomic region followed by 5'-NGG-3' PAM sequence A single guide RNA (sgRNA) recognizes a genomic region followed by a long sequence palindrome repeat A single guide DNA (sgDNA) recognizes a genomic region followed by 5'-NGG-3' PAM sequence PAM sequences induce single stranded breaks that are then repaired by the CAS-9 enzymearrow_forwardA microbiologist discovers a new type II restriction endonuclease. When DNA is digested by this enzyme, fragments that average 1,048,500 bp in length are produced. What is the most likely number of base pairs in the recognition sequence of this enzyme?arrow_forwardRestriction sites are palindromic; that is, they read the same in the5' to 3' direction on each strand of DNA. What is the advantage ofhaving restriction sites organized this way?arrow_forward
- Now that you understand how the CRISPR-Cas9 system works, think back to the experiments discussed in the introduction to this chapter, in which researchers used CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing to treat mice with Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Why did the researchers choose to cut out the entire exon 23 in the mice with the disorder? Why not replace the specific mutation using a donor piece of DNA and homologous recombination? Propose some possible explanations.arrow_forwardA 2.0kb bacterial plasmid ‘BS1030’ is digested with the restriction endonuclease Sau3A; the plasmid map is depicted in the diagram below and the Sau3A (S) restriction sites are indicated. Which of the following DNA fragments do you expect to see on an agarose gel when you run Sau3A-digested plasmid ‘BS1030’ DNA? a. 250 bp, 450 bp, 550 bp, 1.1 kb, 1.5 kb and 2.0 kb b. 2.0kb c. 250 bp, 400 bp, 450 bp, 500 bp and 550 bp d. 100 bp, 200 bp, 250 bp, 400 bp, 500 bp and 550 bparrow_forwardOne would be correct in assuming that the restriction sites present in the multiplecloning site of the pUC18 plasmid willarrow_forward
- Although DNA polymerases require both a template and a primer, the following single-stranded polynucleotide was found to serve as a substrate for DNA polymerase in the absence of any additional DNA.arrow_forwardA researcher has isolated a restriction endonuclease that cleaves at only one particular 10- basepair site. Would this enzyme be useful in protecting cells from viral infections, given that a typical viral genome is 50,000 base pairs long? Explain.arrow_forwardWhy are restriction endonucleases considered a bacteria’s “innate immune system”? Why is CRISPR-Cas9 considered a bacteria’s “adaptive immune system”? What does CRISPR stand for? What is the difference between crRNA and tracrRNA? Why are both needed for Cas9 to function? What does PAM stand for? Where is it found? What is the difference between Non-homologous End Joining (NHEJ) and Homology Directed Repair (HDR)? What is the Guide RNA (gRNA) a chimera of? Why use a gRNA? What new things are researchers doing with CRISPR-Cas9? Reflecting on what you now know about CRISPR-Cas9, what are your thoughts on it’s use in humans and other organisms? What should we be allowed to do? Not do? Are viruses living? Why or why not? What does obligate intracellular parasite mean? What does every virus have? What is the difference between capsomers and…arrow_forward
- The anti-viral drug Acyclovir is a nucleotide analog that is lacking the 3’ OH group which is required to form a 3’→5’ phosphodiester bond. This drug is ineffective against DNA polymerases with proofreading abilities, which is why human DNA polymerases are not targeted. Acyclovir can be used to treatsevere cases of Epstein-Barr viral (EBV) infection, but has little to no effect under non-severe infections. Based on this information, EBV will use ________ DNA polymerase during severe infections and __________ DNA polymerase during non-severe infections. Human; Human EBV; Human EBV; EBV Human; EBVarrow_forwardWhat is the difference between nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR) in the context of genome editing?arrow_forwardHow often, on average, will the endonuclease AluI, which cleaves the sequence 5’ AGCT 3’, cut normal DNA (assume equal amounts of each base)? (In other words, what will the average fragment size be after cutting?) Group of answer choices 256 bases 12 bases 40 bases 16 bases none of thesearrow_forward
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