(a)
Interpretation:
The type of enzyme regulation occurs in the pathway which stops at the first enzyme in the multistep process of the conversion of glucose to pyruvate should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Enzyme:
- It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
- Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
- Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
- Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.
Feedback control: The pathways which are dependent on a series of consecutive reactions in which the product of one reaction is the reactant for the next and these pathways are subjected to feedback control, which occurs when the result of a process feeds information back to affect the beginning process.
(b)
Interpretation:
The type of enzyme regulation occurs when Sarin covalently binds to acetylcholinesterase should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Enzyme:
- It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
- Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
- Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
- Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.
Reversible Competitive inhibition: It is a type of inhibition occurs when the inhibitor resembles very much to the substrate and thus prevents the substrate binding.
Reversible uncompetitive inhibition: It is a type of enzyme regulation in which an inhibitor binds reversibly to the enzyme-substrate complex and thereby blocking the binding of the second substrate to the binding site.
Irreversible competitive inhibition: It is a type of inhibition in which an inhibitor forms covalent bonds to the active site and thereby permanently blocking it.
(c)
Interpretation:
The type of enzyme regulation occurs when Lactase is not produced in the adult should be determined.
Concept Introduction:
Enzyme:
- It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
- Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
- Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
- Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.
Enzyme inhibitors: The substance which slows or stops the action of an enzyme is called enzyme inhibitors.
It can be used as drugs and an example is AZT which is used to treat HIV.
Enzyme regulation by genetic control:
It is a type of control by which regulation of enzyme activity is done by the control of the synthesis of enzymes.
(d)
Interpretation:
The type of enzyme regulation occurs when the conversion of isocitrate to
Concept Introduction:
Enzyme:
- It is a protein or a molecule which can act as a catalyst for a biological reaction.
- Does not affect the equilibrium point of the reaction.
- Active site of the enzyme is the region where the reaction takes place.
- Enzyme’s activity can be specific which means the activity is limited to a certain substrate and a certain type of reaction and it is referred to as specificity of the enzyme.
Irreversible competitive inhibition: It is a type of inhibition in which an inhibitor forms covalent bonds to the active site and thereby permanently blocking it.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 19 Solutions
Fundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry (8th Edition)
- What is the rationale for the inhibition of muscle glycogen phosphorylase by glucose 6- phosphate when glucose 1- phosphate is the product of the phosphorylase reaction?arrow_forwardWhich one of the following is NOT a metabolic effect of glucagon secretion? Select one: a. Increase in gluconeogenesis. b. Increased glycogenolysis. c. Increase in the activity of adenylate cyclase. d. Increased amino acid uptake by the muscles.arrow_forwardHow do the control mechanisms in glycogen metabolism lead to amplification of response to a stimulus?arrow_forward
- What is the effect of insulin on the committed step of glycolysis in the liver? Describe the mechanism by which insulin can affect the activity of this enzyme in the liver?arrow_forwardDoes the allosteric regulation induced by insulin activate (or repress) phosphofructokinase-1 activity?arrow_forwardHow do the pathways for the synthesis and breakdown of glycogen differ in liver and muscle? How does this relate to the function of stored glycogen in the two tissues?arrow_forward
- What is the full regulatory pathway of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase by insulin and the GPCR pathway?arrow_forwardWhich TCA component is syphoned off to increase glucose production via gluconeogenesis when glucose consumed levels are low?arrow_forwardAccording to glycogen metabolism, which of the following statementsis/are not true? I. Insulin results in dephosphorylation and subsequentactivation ofglycogen synthase. II. cAMP is a second messenger that triggers an increase in glycogensynthesis. III. Release of epinephrine leads to increased glycogen breakdown. IV. Glucagon promotes glycogen breakdown. V. Glucose-6-phosphate is an allosteric inhibitor of.phosphorylase A) I and VB) III and VC) II onlyD) III and IVE) V onlyarrow_forward
- Why would a cause of hyperinsulinism be hypoglycemia? Don’t lower levels of blood glucose inhibit of insulin rather than produce large amounts of it to result in hyperinsulinism?arrow_forwardWrite a one-sentence explanation for each of the following statements.(a) In liver, glucagon stimulates glycogen breakdown via cAMP. Although you might expect glucagon to stimulate catabolism of the glucose formed as well, glucagon inhibits glycolysis and stimulates gluconeogenesis in liver.(b) An individual with a glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency suffers fromchronic hypoglycemia.(c) The action of phosphorylase kinase simultaneously activates glycogenbreakdown and inhibits glycogen synthesis.(d) The presence in liver of glucose-6-phosphatase is essential to the function of the liver in synthesizing glucose for use by other tissues.arrow_forwardWith respect to glycogen, what is the likely fate of excess glucose 6-phosphate in muscle?arrow_forward
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781319114671Author:Lubert Stryer, Jeremy M. Berg, John L. Tymoczko, Gregory J. Gatto Jr.Publisher:W. H. FreemanLehninger Principles of BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781464126116Author:David L. Nelson, Michael M. CoxPublisher:W. H. FreemanFundamentals of Biochemistry: Life at the Molecul...BiochemistryISBN:9781118918401Author:Donald Voet, Judith G. Voet, Charlotte W. PrattPublisher:WILEY
- BiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305961135Author:Mary K. Campbell, Shawn O. Farrell, Owen M. McDougalPublisher:Cengage LearningBiochemistryBiochemistryISBN:9781305577206Author:Reginald H. Garrett, Charles M. GrishamPublisher:Cengage LearningFundamentals of General, Organic, and Biological ...BiochemistryISBN:9780134015187Author:John E. McMurry, David S. Ballantine, Carl A. Hoeger, Virginia E. PetersonPublisher:PEARSON