Interpretation:
A molecular model representing a tetrahedral intermediate that results from the addition of a nucleophile to an aldehyde or ketone is given. The reactants are to be identified and the structure of the final product obtained on completion of the reaction is also to be shown.
Concept introduction:
Primary
To identify:
The reactants, a nucleophile and an aldehyde or ketone that give the tetrahedral intermediate in an addition reaction. Further to show the structure of the final product obtained on completion of the reaction.
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Chapter 19 Solutions
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY-EBOOK>I<
- Define the following terms Homolytic bond breakage: Nucleophilearrow_forward1) The carbon-oxygen double bond present in aldehydes and ketones is very polar. What does this mean and how does it arise? 2) The carbon-oxygen double bond is readily attacked by nucleophiles like cyanide ions or ammonia. (i) What do you understand by the term nucleophile? (ii) Which part of the carbon-oxygen double bond is attractive to nucleophiles? 3) Why is there a difference between aldehydes and ketones in their response to oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate(VI) solution acidified with dilute sulfuric acid?arrow_forwardGive the reagents and intermediate products for the following two-step reaction.arrow_forward
- What explains why many aldehydes and ketones can undergo self- condensation reactions in basic conditions? The alpha carbon can lose a proton and act like a nucleophile and the carbonyl carbon a an electrophile O The alpha carbon can gain a proton and act like an electrophile and the carbonyl carbon is a nucleophile O The oxygen of the carbonyl group can attack the carbon of the carbonyl group Only esters can undergo self-condensation reactionsarrow_forwardAn electron-deficient carbon atom reacts with a nucleophile, symbolized as: Nu−. Define this ?arrow_forwardBy taking into account electronegativity differences, draw the products formed by heterolysis of the carbon–heteroatom bond in each molecule. Classify the organic reactive intermediate as a carbocation or a carbanion.arrow_forward
- Many multi-step organic reaction mechanisms involve proton transfer steps. For example, the first step of Fischer esterification of carboxylic acids(as shown with acedic acid) is activation of the acid by protonation. Based on your understanding of which reaction pathway is more favorable, explain why using chemical structures.arrow_forwardAlkyl sulfonates undergo the same type of substitution reactions as alkyl halides and can also be prepared from alcohols. What advantage does the preparation of an alkyl sulfonate from an alcohol have over the preparation of an alkyl halide from an alcohol?arrow_forwardSynthesize the products by drawing out reagents and intermediates along the way.arrow_forward
- Prepare the following compounds starting from benzaldehyde and the appropriate ketone. Provide reactions for preparing the ketones starting from aromatic hydrocarbon compounds.arrow_forwardAcetylene reacts with sodium amide in the presence of propyl halide produces aldehyde produces ketones It produces 2-pentanearrow_forwardProvide the reagents for the reactions.arrow_forward