General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
4th Edition
ISBN: 9781259883989
Author: by Janice Smith
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
bartleby

Videos

Textbook Question
Book Icon
Chapter 2, Problem 84P

Answer the following questions about the macronutrients calcium, magnesium, and sulfur.
a. Is each element classified as a metal, nonmetal, or metalloid?
b. In which block does each element reside?
c. Which element has the smallest atomic radius?
d. Which element has the largest atomic radius?
e. Which element has the largest ionization energy?
f. Which element has the smallest ionization energy?
g. How many valence electrons does each element possess?

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The elements such as calcium, magnesium and sulfurneed to be classified as metal, non-metal or metalloid.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

Calcium − Metal

Magnesium − Metal

Sulfur− Non-metal

Explanation of Solution

All the elements in the periodic table can be classified as metal, non-metal and metalloid. In the periodic table, from group 1 to 12 are metals and nonmetals are placed from group 13 to 18. Metalloids are placed in between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table. Calcium and magnesium are metals as they are placed in group -2, whereas,sulfur is a non-metal as it is placed in group 16 of the periodic table.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

In the periodic table, the block of calcium, magnesium and sulfur elements need to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

Calcium − s-block element

Magnesium − s-block element

Sulfur − p-block element

Explanation of Solution

All the elements in the periodic table can be classified as metal, non-metal and metalloid. In the periodic table, from group 1 to 12 are metals and nonmetals are placed from group 13 to 18. Metalloids are placed in between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table.

The periodic table can also divide on the basis of blocks as s, p, d and f-block elements. This classification is given on the basis of valence shell configuration of elements. The valence orbital of the element will determine the block of element. Calcium and magnesium are s-block element as their valence shell is ns2, whereas,sulfur is a p-block element as the valence shell configuration of sulfur is 3s2, 3p4.

Calcium − 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2

Magnesium- 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2

Sulfur - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4 

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The element with smallest atomic radius betweencalcium, magnesium and sulfurneeds to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

Sulfur has smallest atomic radius.

Explanation of Solution

In the periodic tabledown in the group, the atomic radiusincreases as the number of valence shell increases in an atom, whereas, the atomic radius decreases across the period because the valence shell remains the same and nuclear attraction increases. Calcium and magnesium are placed in same group therefore calcium should be bigger than magnesium as it is placed down in the group. Sulfur and magnesium are placed in same period and sulfur is placed in the 16th group (at left most side), therefore the atomic radius of sulfur must be smallest.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The element with largest atomic radius out of calcium, magnesium and sulfur elements needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

Calcium has largest atomic radius.

Explanation of Solution

In the periodic table down in the group, the atomic radius increases as the number of valence shell increases in atom, whereas, the atomic radius decreases across the period because the valence shell remains same and nuclear attraction increases. Calcium and magnesium are placed in same group therefore calcium should be bigger than magnesium as it is placed down in the group. Sulfur and magnesium are placed in same period and sulfur is placed in the 16th group (at left most side). Therefore, the atomic radius of sulfur must be smallest. Overall calcium will have largest atomic radius.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(e)

Interpretation:

The element with largest ionization energy out of calcium, magnesium and sulfur elements need to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

Sulfur has largest ionization energy.

Explanation of Solution

In the periodic table down in the group, the atomic radius increases as the number of valence shell increases in atom, whereas, the atomic radius decreases across the period because the valence shell remains same and nuclear attraction increases.

Ionization energy is the energy that is required to remove an electron from the valence shell of the neutral gaseous atom. As the atomic radii increases down in the group, the nuclear attraction on the valence electrons decreases that reduces the ionization energy of element. Hence the ionization energy decreases down in the group and increases across the period.

Calcium and magnesium are placed in same group therefore calcium should be bigger than magnesium and must have lower ionization energy. Sulfur and magnesium are placed in same period and sulfur is placed in the 16th group (at left most side), therefore the atomic radius of sulfur must be smallest with largest ionization energy.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(f)

Interpretation:

The element with smallest ionization energy out of calcium, magnesium and sulfur elements needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

Calcium has smallest ionization energy.

Explanation of Solution

In the periodic table down in the group, the atomic radius increases as the number of valence shell increases in atom, whereas, the atomic radius decreases across the period because the valence shell remains same and nuclear attraction increases.

Ionization energy is the energy that is required to remove an electron from the valence shell of the neutral gaseous atom. As the atomic radii increases down in the group, the nuclear attraction on the valence electrons decreases that reduces the ionization energy of element. Hence the ionization energy decreases down in the group and increases across the period.

Calcium and magnesium are placed in same group therefore calcium should be bigger than magnesium and must have lower ionization energy. Sulfur and magnesium are placed in same period and sulfur is placed in the 16th group (at left most side), therefore the atomic radius of sulfur must be smallest with largest ionization energy and Ca must have lowest ionization energy due to largest atomic radii.

Expert Solution
Check Mark
Interpretation Introduction

(g)

Interpretation:

The number of valence electrons in calcium, magnesium and sulfur elements needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

An atom is composed of three main sub-atomic particles; electrons, neutrons and protons. The atomic number of the elements represents the number of protons or electrons in a neutral atom. All known elements are arranged in a tabular form in increasing order of their atomic number that is called the periodic table.

The distribution of electrons in an atom can be shown with the help of electronic configuration. The electronic configuration of an element represents the number of electrons in different energy levels of an element.

Answer to Problem 84P

  • Calcium − 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 = 2 valence electrons
  • Magnesium- 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 = 2 valence electrons
  • Sulfur - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4  = 6 valence electrons

Explanation of Solution

All the elements in the periodic table can be classified as metal, nonmetal and metalloid. In the periodic table, from group 1 to 12 are metals and nonmetals are placed from group 13 to 18. Metalloids are placed in between metals and nonmetals in the periodic table.

The periodic table can also divide on the basis of blocks as s, p, d and f-block elements. This classification is given on the basis of valence shell configuration of elements. The valence orbital of the element will determine the block of element. The electrons in the outermost orbital are called valence electrons. Hence the number of valence electrons are:

  • Calcium − 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6, 4s2 = 2 valence electrons
  • Magnesium- 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2 = 2 valence electrons
  • Sulfur - 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p4  = 6 valence electrons

Want to see more full solutions like this?

Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Chapter 2 Solutions

General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition

Ch. 2.2 - For the given atom: (a) determine the number of...Ch. 2.2 - How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are...Ch. 2.2 - What is the mass number of an atom that contains...Ch. 2.3 - For each atom give the following information: [1]...Ch. 2.3 - Write an isotope symbol for the isotope of...Ch. 2.3 - Magnesium has three isotopes that contain 12, 13,...Ch. 2.3 - Prob. 2.9PPCh. 2.3 - Calculate the atomic weight of each element given...Ch. 2.4 - Prob. 2.9PCh. 2.4 - Label each macronutrient in Figure 2.2 in the...Ch. 2.4 - Identify the element fitting each description. an...Ch. 2.4 - Identify each highlighted element in the periodic...Ch. 2.5 - How many electrons are present in each shell,...Ch. 2.6 - What element has each electronic configuration? a....Ch. 2.6 - What element(s) in the first and second period fit...Ch. 2.6 - Draw an orbital diagram for each element; (a)...Ch. 2.6 - Give the electronic configuration for each element...Ch. 2.7 - Prob. 2.13PPCh. 2.7 - Determine the number of valence electrons and give...Ch. 2.7 - Give the electron-dot symbol for each element: (a)...Ch. 2.8 - Which element in each pair has the larger atomic...Ch. 2.8 - Prob. 2.16PCh. 2.8 - Prob. 2.17PPCh. 2.8 - (a) Which of the indicated atoms has the smaller...Ch. 2 - Identify the elements used in each example of...Ch. 2 - Write a chemical formula for each example of...Ch. 2 - Give the name of the elements in each group of...Ch. 2 - What element(s) are designated by each symbol or...Ch. 2 - Does each chemical formula represent an element or...Ch. 2 - Identify the elements in each chemical formula and...Ch. 2 - Prob. 23PCh. 2 - Prob. 24PCh. 2 - Give all of the terms that apply to each...Ch. 2 - Give all of the terms that apply to each...Ch. 2 - Give the following information about the atom...Ch. 2 - Give the following information about the atom...Ch. 2 - Prob. 29PCh. 2 - Prob. 30PCh. 2 - Prob. 31PCh. 2 - Consider the four atoms-L, M, N, and X- with the...Ch. 2 - Label each region on the periodic table. Noble...Ch. 2 - Identify each highlighted element in the periodic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 35PCh. 2 - Prob. 36PCh. 2 - Prob. 37PCh. 2 - Prob. 38PCh. 2 - Prob. 39PCh. 2 - Complete the followin table for the two most...Ch. 2 - How many protons, neutrons, and electrons are...Ch. 2 - Give the number of protons, neutrons, and...Ch. 2 - Write the element symbol that fits each...Ch. 2 - Write the element symbol that fits each...Ch. 2 - Calculate the atomic weight of silver, which has...Ch. 2 - Calculate the atomic weight of antimony, which has...Ch. 2 - Prob. 47PCh. 2 - What is the maximum number of electrons that can...Ch. 2 - Prob. 49PCh. 2 - Use an orbital diagram to write the electronic...Ch. 2 - Prob. 51PCh. 2 - For each element in Problem 2.50: (a) Write out...Ch. 2 - Prob. 53PCh. 2 - Prob. 54PCh. 2 - Give the total number of electrons, the number of...Ch. 2 - Give the total number of electrons, the number of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 57PCh. 2 - Prob. 58PCh. 2 - Prob. 59PCh. 2 - Prob. 60PCh. 2 - Prob. 61PCh. 2 - Which of the following orbital diagrams are...Ch. 2 - Prob. 63PCh. 2 - Prob. 64PCh. 2 - Prob. 65PCh. 2 - Write an electron-dot symbol for each element: (a)...Ch. 2 - Prob. 67PCh. 2 - Prob. 68PCh. 2 - Prob. 69PCh. 2 - Prob. 70PCh. 2 - Prob. 71PCh. 2 - For each pair of elements in Problem 2.70, label...Ch. 2 - Rank the atoms in each group in order of...Ch. 2 - Prob. 74PCh. 2 - Prob. 75PCh. 2 - Prob. 76PCh. 2 - Prob. 77PCh. 2 - Prob. 78PCh. 2 - Prob. 79PCh. 2 - (a) What is the chemical formula for...Ch. 2 - Answer the following questions about the...Ch. 2 - Platinum is a precious metal used in a wide...Ch. 2 - Prob. 83PCh. 2 - Answer the following questions about the...Ch. 2 - Prob. 85CPCh. 2 - Prob. 86CP
Knowledge Booster
Background pattern image
Chemistry
Learn more about
Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, chemistry and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.
Recommended textbooks for you
Text book image
Chemistry: Matter and Change
Chemistry
ISBN:9780078746376
Author:Dinah Zike, Laurel Dingrando, Nicholas Hainen, Cheryl Wistrom
Publisher:Glencoe/McGraw-Hill School Pub Co
Text book image
Living By Chemistry: First Edition Textbook
Chemistry
ISBN:9781559539418
Author:Angelica Stacy
Publisher:MAC HIGHER
Text book image
Introductory Chemistry For Today
Chemistry
ISBN:9781285644561
Author:Seager
Publisher:Cengage
Text book image
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781337399074
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Chemistry & Chemical Reactivity
Chemistry
ISBN:9781133949640
Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David Treichel
Publisher:Cengage Learning
Text book image
Living by Chemistry
Chemistry
ISBN:9781464142314
Author:Angelica M. Stacy
Publisher:W. H. Freeman
Liquids: Crash Course Chemistry #26; Author: Crash Course;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BqQJPCdmIp8;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY
Chemistry of Group 16 elements; Author: Ch-11 Chemical Engg, Chemistry and others;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5B1F0aDgL6s;License: Standard YouTube License, CC-BY