Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The reason for rate enhancement by considering the mechanism of saponification is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
Chemical species that has negative charge or lone pair of electrons on it are known as nucleophile. Nucleophiles attack on electron deficient atom and give addition or substitution products depending upon the bond strength of leaving group.
(b)
Interpretation:
If the saponification reaction of methyl
Concept introduction:
The
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Organic Chemistry (9th Edition)
- What is the major difference between the base-catalyzed and acid-catalyzed processes for nucleophilic addition of water to aldehydes and ketones? a. The base-catalyzed reaction takes place rapidly because hydroxide ion is a much better nucleophile than neutral water. b. The rate of reaction in base catalyzed process is slower than acid catalyzed process. c. The acid-catalyzed reaction takes place rapidly because the protonated carbonyl compound is a much better electrophile than the neutral compound. d. Only 1 and 3 are correct.arrow_forwardExplain why hydroxide ion catalyzes the reaction of piperidine with 2,4-dinitroanisole but has no effect on the reaction of piperidine with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene.arrow_forwardFriedel-Crafts alkylations usually invariably result in a mixture of products, but Friedel acylations never do. Why? a) none of these b) alkylations require catalyst c) benzene with alkyl groups are more reactive than acylbenzenes d) the reagents used in alkylations are strongerarrow_forward
- Draw a stepwise mechanism for the following reaction that illustrates how two substitution products are formed. Explain why 1-bromohex-2ene reacts rapidly with a weak nucleophile (CH3OH) under SN1 reaction conditions, even though it is a 1 ° alkyl halide.arrow_forwarda. Rank the following esters from most reactive to least reactive in the first slow step of a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction (formation of thetetrahedral intermediate): b. Rank the same esters from most reactive to least reactive in the second slow step of a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction (collapse of thetetrahedralintermediate).arrow_forwardExplain the effect of the structure of the alkyl halide on elimination through E1 and E2.arrow_forward
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- Explain why the following cyclohexanol A derivative undergoes E2 more readily than cyclohexanol B. State three reasons.arrow_forward4-Methylpyridine reacts with benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO) in the presence of base to form A. (a) Draw a stepwise mechanism for this reaction. (b) Would you expect 2-methylpyridine or 3-methylpyridine to undergo a similar type ofcondensation reaction? Explain why or why not.arrow_forward
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