Concept explainers
To determine: The kind of grouping that is represented by the bracketed area in the given cladogram.
Introduction: Cladogram is a type of phylogenetic tree. It is organized by nodes and branches. The organism which is under analysis is present at the end of each branch. The length of a branch represents the relatedness of organisms.
To determine: The type of group that is formed by taxon 2 and 3.
Introduction: Previous classifications consider three different types of taxonomic relationships which are shown in cladogram such as paraphyletic groups, monophyletic groups, and polyphyletic groups.
To determine: The type of group that is formed by taxon 2, 4, and 6.
Introduction: Cladogram is a type of phylogenetic tree. It is organized by nodes and branches. The organism which is under analysis is present at the end of each branch. The length of a branch represents the relatedness of organisms.
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Biology (MindTap Course List)
- Test Your Understanding Apply and Analyze 9. In interpreting a cladogram, (a) we can identify the specific ancestor of each taxon by tracing each branch back to the node closest to the root (b) taxa on the right side of a cladogram have evolved from the taxa on the left side (c) the relative placement of smaller branches allows us to determine the number of years since a particular taxon has evolved (d) we can determine relationships by tracing along the branches back to the most recent common ancestor (e) we must first identify horizontal gene transferarrow_forwardDesign an Experiment Imagine that you are trying to determine the evolutionary relationships among six groups of animals that look very much alike because they have few measurable morphological characters. What data would you collect to reconstruct their phylogenetic history?arrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 3. Each branching point in a cladogram (a) is called a root (b) represents a clade (c) represents the divergence of two or more groups from a common ancestor (d) represents horizontal gene transfer (e) marks the divergence of two kingdomsarrow_forward
- INTERPRET DATA Imagine that you discover a new animal in a rain forest. It has an elongated, segmented body with bristles, and it has no obvious head. Where would youplace this animal in the accompanying cladogram? Support your decision. Look at the more detailed cladogram inFigure 30-6a (in Chapter 30). What additional characteristicswould help you place your animal in this cladogram? Explainyour decision-making process.arrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 14. VISUALIZE construct a cladogram based on the following data. Mosses are plants with no vascular tissue. Horse-tails, ferns, gymnosperms (pines and other plants with naked seeds), and angiosperms (flowering plants) are all vascular plants. Seeds are absent in all but the gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are the only seed plants with flowers. (Hint: To help you construct the cladogram, draw a simple table showing which characters are present in each group. See Fig. 23-9.) Figure 23-9 Constructing a cladogram using outgroup analysisarrow_forwardEvaluate and Synthesize 16. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you position the rhyniophytes on Figure 27-13? Would the line for rhyniophytes extend to the tips of the rest of the cladogram? Why or why not?arrow_forward
- (Check all the right answers). The goal of Phylogenetic systematics is to determine; - the evolutionary pathways by which existing (and extinct) species arose; - the degree of relatedness of various species; - the specifics of species relatedness (HOW close/distant they are related); - the determination of extinct ancestors' morphology.arrow_forwardEVOLUTION LINK Examine the cladogram in Figure 30-6a. Based on the discussion in this chapter, what were some of the types of data that biologists used to determine these phylogenetic relationships?arrow_forward1. Contrast homology and analogy. Give an example of homoplasy. 2. Discuss adaptation and preadaptation. 3. Compare and contrast divergent, convergent, parallel, and organic evolution. 4. What is a vestigial structure? A rudimentary structure? 5. Describe heterochrony – specifically paedogenesis, neoteny, and paedomorphosis.arrow_forward
- On a phylogenetic tree, which term refers to lineages that diverged from the same place? sister taxa basal taxa rooted taxa dichotomous taxaarrow_forward(e) Using your phylogenetics knowledge from the first exam material , how was the approximate time of divergence between bees and their sister taxa estimated ?arrow_forwardChoose about the cladogram/phylogenetic tree/evolutionary steps of plants, or animals or chordates - write those 4 steps and what organisms share those characteristicsarrow_forward
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