The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis. Given: In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila . According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species. Figure 1: Million of years ago. The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2). Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila. Introduction: Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Question

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3 ×10⁻⁷ per generations and 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per site.

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Students have asked these similar questions

Suppose species 1, 2, and 3 are endemic to a group of islands (such as the Galápagos) and are all descended from species 4 on the mainland (which will serve as an outgroup; its large population size means that no new mutations have become fixed in its population in the time since the islands were colonized). You sequence a gene and find ten nucleotide sites that differ among the four species (among many other loci that do not vary). The nucleotide bases at these sites are: Species 1: GCTGATGAGT Species 2: ATCAATGAGT Species 3: GTTGCAACGT Species 4: GTCAATGACA Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible unrooted trees and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes.

(top or bottom) Species A, B, C, D, and, E are all extant species (living today; not to be confused with “extinct” species). Consider the common ancestor shared between humans and species A (ancestor A-H), the common ancestor between species B and humans (ancestor B-H), etc. Which of thetwo trees below best represents the phylogenetic relationship between species shown in the nucleotide divergence plot above (top tree or bottom tree)?

1. (a) inferred phylogeny of a set of DNA sequences Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signatures (b) derives its power from the distinctive evolutionary patterns Molecular phylogenetics Molecular evolution Molecular clock Evolutionary Signatures

Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3 ×10⁻⁷ per generations and 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per site.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3 ×10⁻⁷ per generations and 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per site.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3 ×10⁻⁷ per generations and 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per site.

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Subscribe now to access step-by-step solutions to millions of textbook problems written by subject matter experts!

Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3 ×10⁻⁷ per generations and 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per site.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3

Conclusion

Therefore, it can be concluded that the rates are 3 ×10⁻⁷ per generations and 5 × 10⁻¹⁰ per site.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 1Q

Summary Introduction

To review:

The relationship between the number of synonymous substitutions and the years of divergence between each pair of species, with the help of a graph. Also, estimate the rates of synonymous substitutions per million years and per generation for the complete axon on a per-site basis.

Given:

In the given study, a hypothetical gene encodes for the transcription factor in various species of Drosophila. According to the diagram (Figure 1) given below, one exon of this gene is sequenced in four species.

Figure 1: Million of years ago.

The matrix shows the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of different Drosophila species, which evolved as a result of evolution. There are 2,000 nonsynonymous and 600 synonymous substitutions sites of the exon (Figure 2).

Figure 2: Matrix showing the number of synonymous and nonsynonymous substitutions between pairs of species of Drosophila.

Introduction:

Biologists are able to make inference about the type of natural selection, by the study based on molecular evolutionary patterns of genes. These inferences are important to know, about the gene functioning and how they evolve over the time, in response to the new function and conditions.

Answer 8

Expert Solution & Answer

Explanation of Solution

According to the given analysis, there are, on an average, 54 synonymous substitutions occurs between the lineages. These lineages were diverged 18 million years ago. So, there are about 1.5 synonymous substitutions per million year for the entire exon.

Therefore, the information used for calculation of the rate is:

Time period: 18 million years ago

Substitution per million years: 1.5

Lineages: 2

Generation per year: 5

Synonymous sites: 600

Thus, for rate of substitution per generation is:

90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation = 3×10^-7

Similarly, the rate of substitution per site is:

(90,000,000 years × 2 lineages × 5 generations/year × 0.0000003 synonymous substitutions/generation)/600 synonymous site = 5 × 10⁻¹⁰

Graph given below shows number of substitution along with millions of years.

Life: The Science of Biology, Chapter 23, Problem 1Q , additional homework tip 3