(a)
Interpretation:
The reason for –NHCOR group of amide being activating group is to be explained.
Concept introduction:
An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic
(b)
Interpretation:
It is to be explained why the –NHCOR group of an amide is an activating group, but it is not as strongly activating as
Concept introduction:
An activating group is the group, which activates the benzene ring toward electrophilic
aromatic substitution. In general, ortho/para directors increase the rate of electrophilic aromatic substitution and are called activating groups. A substituent attached to a phenyl ring by an atom possessing a lone pair of electrons tends to be an ortho/para director. Activating groups stabilize the arenium ion intermediate by participation of lone pair on the atom of substituent in resonance.
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