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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
Atoms that are added or removed in each step needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.
In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.
(b)
Interpretation:
The reason due to which step [2a] and [2b] are not considered
Concept Introduction:
During oxidation of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized.
(c)
Interpretation:
Type of reaction occurs in step [2a] and [2b] needs to be determined.
Concept Introduction:
The citric acid cycle is an eight steps cycle which consists enzyme catalyzed reactions occur in mitochondria. The citric acid cycle starts by the addition of 2 carbon acetyl CoA molecule to four carbon substrate. Acetyl CoA is regenerated at the end of the cycle.
In step 2 of citric acid cycle, citrate is converted to isocitrate. This conversion is a two-step process which has an intermediate called aconitate.
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Chapter 23 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, & BIOLOGICAL CHEM
- GLYCOLYSIS: 1A) Starting with glucose (in the open-chain Fisher projection), draw out the molecular structures for each step of glycolysis. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 1B) What is the net reaction of glycolysis? CITRIC ACID CYCLE: 2A) Starting with acetyl-coenzymeA and oxaloacetate, draw out the molecular structures for each step of the citric acid cycle. For each step, include the name of the enzyme that catalyzes the reaction. 2B) What is the net reaction of the citric acid cycle? What happens to each product? OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION: 3A) Thoroughly explain the biological significance of NADH/H* and FADH2 and their roles in oxidative phosphorylation. 3B) Describe and diagram the general pathway of the electrons from NADH/H+ and FADH₂ to O₂ during the electron transport chain. 3C) What is "chemiosmotic coupling", and what is its relationship to ATP synthesis? 3D) During oxidative phosphorylation, what is oxidized and what is…arrow_forwardFor a given acid HA, it was determined that at pH 6.0 the concentration of the conjugate base [A] was 0.075 M and the acid [HA] was 0.025 M. What percent of this acid is ionized at pH 6.0? What is the pKa of this acid? What pH would this acid be 50% lonized?arrow_forwardTPP is a coenzyme for transketolase, the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a ketopentose (xylulose5-phosphate) and an aldopentose (ribose-5-phosphate) to an aldotriose (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate) and a ketoheptose (sedoheptulose-7-phosphate). Notice that the total number of carbons in the reactants and products is the same (5 + 5 = 3 + 7). Propose a mechanism for this reaction.arrow_forward
- What is the difference between the Transesterification process and Anaerobic decomposition process?arrow_forwardAll are true of the Embden-Myerhof pathway EXCEPT Question 88 options: A) the products pyruvic acid and ATP under aerobic conditions enter the Krebb's (TCA) cycle to produce more ATP B) the products pyruvic acid and ATP under anaerobic conditions are converted to lactic acid and two additional ATP C) Cells use this pathway when they have no energy needs D) Begins with the conversion of glucose into glucose-6-phosphatearrow_forwardHow much energy is released as ATP from the complete oxidation of stearic acid (CH3(CH2)16COOH)?arrow_forward
- Which statements describe electron transport chain events? Two electrons pass between cytochromes through a series of redox reactions. Citrate metabolism results in the formation of one FADH2 and three NADH. NADH releases two hydrogen ions and donates two electrons to coenzyme Q. ATP synthase uses the energy from the redox reactions to generate ATP.arrow_forwardThe number of ATP molecules consumed and produced during glycolysis under anaerobic conditions are summarized in the following diagram (the ATP hydrolysis and synthesis reactions are shown in green). Phosphate Carbon atom 2 ATP 2 ADP ●●●●●● Glucose I Energy-Investing Phase O 2 ATP O 6 ATP O 1 ATP 8 ATP NADH + NAD* +H* O 4 ATP ●●●● 2 ADP 2 ATP NADH + NAD +H Based on the diagram above, for each glucose molecule broken down, what is the net energy yield of glycolysis in terms of ATP under anaerobic conditions? Pyruvate 2 ADP 2 ATP ●●●●● Energy-Generating Phase Pyruvatearrow_forwardWhy is the conversion of lactic acid from the blood into glucose in the liver in an organism’s best interest?arrow_forward
- Step 7 of the citric acid cycle is shown. Which statement best describes what occurs in this step? CO₂ 1 CH || CH + H₂O CO₂ fumarate CO₂™ fumarase HO C-H CH₂ CO₂ malate A) Fumarate undergoes hydrogenation with hydrogens and electrons provided by the enzyme fumarase. B) Fumarate undergoes hydration with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. C) Fumarate undergoes hydrolysis with the aid of the enzyme fumarase. D) Fumarate undergoes reduction with the aid of the cofactor fumarase.arrow_forwardDescribeenergy consumed vs released in reactions. Differentiate between endergonic vs exergonic reactions, anabolism vs catabolism, and coupled reactions.arrow_forwardNADH and FADH2 can "create" ATP only if the cell can do electron transport True Falsearrow_forward
- Chemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781337399074Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry & Chemical ReactivityChemistryISBN:9781133949640Author:John C. Kotz, Paul M. Treichel, John Townsend, David TreichelPublisher:Cengage LearningChemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage Learning
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