(a) Interpretation: The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation. Concept Introduction: During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO 2 .

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Answer 1

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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There are eight chemical reactions that occur in the citric acid cycle process. The reactions of the citric acid cycle are shown in the figure below. You were introduced to several classes of organic reactions. These classes include esterification, decarboxylation, hydration reactions, dehydration of alcohols, oxidation of alcohols, oxidation of aldehydes, reduction of aldehydes, and reduction of ketones. Find at least one of these reaction classes in the citric acid cycle. List the reaction number and the reaction. Write a sentence or two on how you were able to make the classification.

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Answer 2

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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Answer 3

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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Answer 4

Question

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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Answer 5

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

Answer 6

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Answer 7

Chapter 23, Problem 23.49P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3a] needs to be classified as oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation:

The reaction [3b] needs to be classified as an oxidation, reduction or decarboxylation.

Concept Introduction:

During oxidation of compound electrons or hydrogens are lost or oxygen is gained. During the reduction of a compound, electrons or hydrogens are gained or oxygen is lost. Coenzymes act as oxidizing agents or reducing agents. Oxidizing agent drives the oxidation reaction and gets reduced. Reducing agent drives reduction reactions and gets oxidized. Decarboxylation is a reaction that removes the carboxyl group of a compound as CO₂.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

Answer 12

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

Answer 13

Interpretation Introduction

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

Answer 14

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Answer 15

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 16

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Answer 17

Ch. 23.2 - Prob. 23.1P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.2P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.3P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.4P Ch. 23.3 - Prob. 23.5P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.6P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.7P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.8P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.9P Ch. 23.4 - Prob. 23.10P

Solution Summary: The author explains the steps in which NAD + is necessary in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Concept explainers

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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Chapter 23 Solutions

Solution Summary: The author explains the steps in which NAD + is necessary in enzyme-catalyzed reactions.

Concept explainers

(c) Interpretation: The step in which NAD+ is necessary needs to be determined. Concept Introduction: A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

(d) Interpretation: The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained. Concept Introduction: Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.

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Chapter 23 Solutions

(c)

Interpretation:

The step in which NAD⁺ is necessary needs to be determined.

Concept Introduction:

A coenzyme is a compound which involves in enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Some coenzymes act as oxidizing or reducing agents.

(d)

Interpretation:

The reason due to which enzyme that catalyzes the given reaction is called isocitrate dehydrogenase needs to be explained.

Concept Introduction:

Dehydrogenase is a class of enzymes that catalyzes the removal of hydrogens from a molecule.