Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188138
Author: Peter H Raven, George B Johnson Professor, Kenneth A. Mason Dr. Ph.D., Jonathan Losos Dr., Susan Singer
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 23, Problem 2S
Identifying “outgroups” is a central component of cladistic analysis. As described on page 462, a group is chosen that is closely related to, but not a part of the group under study. If one does not know the relationships of members of the group under study, how can one be certain that an appropriate outgroup is chosen? Can you think of any approaches that would minimize the effect of a poor choice of outgroup?
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When evaluating multiple cladograms, what is the name of the principle used to decide which cladogram most likely shows the correct evolutionary relationships?
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a. principle of parsimony
b. principle of persimmons
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Based on this matrix, is my cladogram correctly done?
1.a)
What species on the cladogram are endothermic (fully endothermic species only=those that maintain their body temperature only with their metabolism = not sharks for instance)?
1.b)
Considering the location and relationship of endotherms on the cladogram, what type of character (homologous, homoplasy: convergence or reversal) do you think endothermy is?
try to use specific terminology: character, homologous characters, nom homologous characters, character states (or evolutionary stages of a character), ancestral (plesiomorphic), derived (apomorphic), homoplasy, convergence, reversal....
What is the difference between a phylogenetic tree and a cladogram?
What the difference between "homologous traits" and "analogous traits"?
What is the difference between "ancestral traits" and "derived traits"?
Chapter 23 Solutions
Biology
Ch. 23 - Overall similarity of phenotypes may not always...Ch. 23 - a. is based on overall similarity of phenotypes....Ch. 23 - The principle of parsimony a. helps evolutionary...Ch. 23 - Parsimony suggests that parental care in birds,...Ch. 23 - The forelimb of a bird and the forelimb of a...Ch. 23 - In order to determine polarity for different...Ch. 23 - In a paraphyletic group a. all species are more...Ch. 23 - A paraphyletic group includes a. an ancestor and...Ch. 23 - Prob. 9UCh. 23 - A taxonomic group that contains species that have...
Ch. 23 - Rapid rates of character change relative to the...Ch. 23 - Species recognized by the phylogenetic species...Ch. 23 - Prob. 1SCh. 23 - Identifying outgroups is a central component of...Ch. 23 - As noted in your reading, cladistics is a widely...Ch. 23 - Across many species of limpets, loss of larval...Ch. 23 - Birds, pterosaurs (a type of flying reptile that...Ch. 23 - AID:1825 | 10/04/2018 6. In what sense does the...
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Need a deep-dive on the concept behind this application? Look no further. Learn more about this topic, biology and related others by exploring similar questions and additional content below.Similar questions
- Were any of your physical traits autapomorphic or synapomorphic when plotted on the gene trees? Which ones and for which species? Phylogeneticists often refer to these physical traits as “evolutionarily significant,” what do you suppose they mean by this? Were any of your physical traits analogous? Which ones? Why do you suppose some traits can occur multiple times on a tree while others don’t? Given your results from two genes and physical traits, what relationships between species are you certain of? Which ones are you uncertain of? Why? If gene trees have more information in terms of base pairs for generating phylogenies, why do you suppose phylogeneticists even bother using and including physical traits in their analyses?arrow_forwardConsider the cladogram shown. 1. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synamorphies)? 2. Which species has the greatest number of ancestral character states (plesiomorphies)?arrow_forwardWhat is cladistics and why is it significant?arrow_forward
- What is the difference between a cladogram and a phylogenetic tree? Given a cladogram for a group of species, what additional interpretation is needed to obtain a phylogenetic tree?arrow_forwardReferring to the phylogenetic tree shown above, answer the following questions: 1. How many OTUs are included in the phylogenetic analysis? 2. How many clades are there? 3. What is an autapomorphic trait of the domestic cat? Explain why? 4. What is the shared derived trait (synapomorphy) in the Family Felidae? Explain why?arrow_forwardThe origin of grazing proto-horses (Merychippus gunteri) from browsing near-horses (Parahippus leonensis), as forests were replaced by grasslands from 24 to 18 million years ago in North America: is an example of directional selection leading to anagenesis is an example of disruptive selection leading to cladogenesis is an example of stabilizing selection leading to anagenesis is an example of disruptive selection leading to anagenesis is an example of stabilizing selection leading to cladogenesisarrow_forward
- *Each number (1.1, 2.1, etc) represents a character/synapomorphy. How many character changes are there in the cladogram? Are there any unexpected or unusual result in the cladogram?arrow_forwardn which situation would it make sense to use the phylogenetic species concept? When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive data When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study When working with fossils from extinct organismsarrow_forwardSuppose a new monkey species, Species A, has just been discovered. You are a primatologist, and you are trying to determine its phylogenetic position. You are sure its closest relatives are Species B and Species C, but you want to know which one it is more closely related to or if it is equally closely related to both. You are using Species D, a more distant relative, as the outgroup. You have come up with a list of ten characters you think will be useful in resolving this phylogeny, and you have determined the character state of each species for each character. The character states are: (in image below) Estimate the phylogeny of these taxa by plotting the changes on each of the three possible phylogenies for species A, B, and C and determining which tree requires the fewest evolutionary changes. HINT: First, review the carnivorans problem in Section 4.3 of the Zimmer and Emlen textbook. To solve the above problem, assume the outgroup has the ancestral character state for each…arrow_forward
- n which situation would it make sense to use the morphological species concept? When you are able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are unable to determine if they interbreed When working with fossils from extinct organisms When you only have genetic data about each organism in your study When you are not able to collect data about how individuals in your study use their habitat, but you are able to collect reproductive dataarrow_forwardWhen presenting a phylogenetic tree, researchers will often indicate the level of bootstrap support for each clade. This is done by placing a percentile number along the branch leading to that clade, as in the figure above. Here, the number 80 indicates that the - A. the outgroup is a monophyletic clade in 80% of the bootstrap replicates. B. the ingroup is a monophyletic clade in 20% of the bootstrap replicates. C. the outroup is a monophyletic clade in 20% of the bootstrap replicates. D. the ingroup is a monophyletic clade in 80% of bootstrap replicates.arrow_forwardIn the past, the evolutionary history of whales was represented by cladogram A, shown below. As you can see, whales were believed to be closely related to mesonychids, an extinct group of mammals that looked similar to wolves. Today, that cladogram has been revised, as shown in cladogram B. Which of the following statements best describes the reason for this change? A - Cladograms A and B are hypotheses that changed as new evidence became available.B - Cladogram B was revised to show a water-to-land pattern of evolution in groups of organisms.C - Cladogram B was altered to better include similarities in habitat as new information became available.D - Cladograms are organized today to show a much more simplified pattern like the one shown in cladogram B.arrow_forward
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