Biology
Biology
11th Edition
ISBN: 9781259188138
Author: Peter H Raven, George B Johnson Professor, Kenneth A. Mason Dr. Ph.D., Jonathan Losos Dr., Susan Singer
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 23, Problem 4S

Across many species of limpets, loss of larval development and reversal from direct development appears to have occurred multiple times. Under the simple principle of parsimony, are changes in either direction merely counted equally in evaluating the most parsimonious hypothesis? If it is much more likely to lose a larval mode than to re-evolve it from direct development, should that be taken into account? If so, how?

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Dominguez et al. (2004) suggest that by studying genes that determine growth and tissue specification in the eye of Drosophila, much can be learned about human eye development. (a) What evidence suggests that genetic eye determinants in Drosophila are also found in humans? Include a discussion of orthologous genes in your answer. (b) What evidence indicates that the eyeless gene is part of a developmental network? (c) Are genetic networks likely to specify developmental processes in general? Explain fully and provide an example.
Is this evolutionary conservation of the pecten structure evidence that natural selection might be maintaining the pecten in its present form in many bird species?  Is this theory one that suggests the pecten has a significant adaptive function in birds?  Do you believe that experiments might be useful in determining the adaptive function of the pecten if it indeed serves an adaptive function?  Outline a simple experiment to see whether the presence of a pecten in the bird's eye is an adaptation.
How are the mammalian Hox genes related to the homeotic genes of Drosophila?  How do the Hox genes contribute to morphological diversity in vertebrates, give an example.
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