Principles of Biology
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9781259875120
Author: Robert Brooker, Eric P. Widmaier Dr., Linda Graham Dr. Ph.D., Peter Stiling Dr. Ph.D.
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Education
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Chapter 24.1, Problem 1TYK
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The microbiome consists of all the genetic material of the entire collection of microbes in a specific environment. Species of archaea, bacteria, protists and
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Microbiomes can be characterized using a number of molecular biology approaches. Which approach would provide a better functional description of a community: metagenomic or metatranscriptomic sequencing? Briefly explain your reasoning.
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- In your own words, explain how bacteria can be manipulated to contain a foreign DNA sequence or gene, how the expression of the gene could be monitored or selected for in the lab, and how the protein coded from this DNA sequence could potentially be purified. You must include at least 6 of the following terms in your answer: transformation, plasmid, antibiotic selection, fusion protein, chromatography, reporter gene, bioluminescence, competent cells, electroporation, calcium chloride.arrow_forwardWhen an E. coli donor cell duplicates a strand of plasmid DNA, and passes this DNA strand to a recipient E. coli cell, without the use of naked DNA in solution or of a viral vector, this is: an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of lysogenic bacteriophages an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of lytic bacteriophages an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of transformation an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of transduction an example of horizontal gene transfer by means of conjugationarrow_forwardShould the DNA sequence encoding human pathogens be freely available online? and Why?arrow_forward
- The seocond part of this question is: how could you find a way to improve the metabolic efficiency of this microalga if it is going to be feasible for the biofuel industry? Using the target gene you identified above, explain a CRISPR-based strategy you could use to restore its function.arrow_forwardMuch of what we know about the human microbiome – the microbial communities associated with various parts of our bodies – comes from genome sequencing. Here, DNA is extracted from all cells in samples collected from various body sites and randomly sequenced, typically generating huge volumes of short-read sequencing data. These reads thus represent a random, mixed snapshot of genes encoded within any cell in the original sample. As human cells are commonly collected along with the bacteria, researchers first remove human DNA sequences from the dataset. To do this, they computationally remove any reads that are highly similar to the human reference genome; the remaining gene sequences are then assumed to belong to the microbial community. Researchers studying the human microbiome have frequently been interested to find that these bacterial communities seem to contain a number of highly unusual genes that are unique to human-associated microbes. a) Briefly describe one feature of…arrow_forwardThree organisms have part of a gene for a digestive enzyme sequenced, and homologous parts of those sequences are shown below. One organism is a fungus and the other two are green algae. Organism Sequence 1 AGATTCGATTCGCTTTAAA 2 ACAGTCGAT_CGGCATAAA 3 AGAT_CGATTCGGTTTAAA Question:Which of these organisms are is the fungus and which are the two green algaearrow_forward
- What does the acronym CRISPR stand for? Briefly outline the components of the CRISPR/Cas system. What is the function of the CRISPR/Cas system?What do you think about the ethical impacts of a technology such as CRISPR? What is the main parameter that is used to define new virus families among archaeal viruses? List and outline that various stages through which bacteria and archaea fight back against infection with viruses.arrow_forwardExplain how biotechnology and bioinformatics are used to identify microorganisms Explain why biotechnology has replaced many of the traditional diagnostic tools in microbiology Explain why a PCR reaction needs a source of nucleotides in the form of ATP, GTP, CTP and TTP. Explain what primers are and describe their use in PCR reactions Given the results from a PCR/Gel electrophoresis or a DNA sequence; determine the identity of a bacterium or virus...arrow_forwardYou are performing an experiment using CRISPR-cas9 to genetically modify the LacZ gene of a culture of E. coli. After you run the experiment, you decide to use gel electrophoresis to genotype the different bacterial cultures to determine if the gene editing was successful. How could your electrophoresis results confirm that the PCR was successful? And how could your electrophoresis results confirm that you successfully extracted genomic DNA from your bacterial samples?arrow_forward
- Explain the process of genome reduction in endosymbiont in good detail. You may use one of the examples in McCutcheon & Moran 2012 (Extreme genome reduction in symbiotic bacteria, Nat. Rev. Microbiol. Doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2670) for your answer.arrow_forwardMetagenomics is a field of study thata. is the analysis of a collection of genome sequences obtained from anenvironmental site.b. focuses on the microbial genomes contained in a community.c. compares the genomes of similar species in different communities.d. does none of the above.e. does both a and b.arrow_forwardOrder the following technical steps that are required to identify a bacterium by PCR and sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. [1 mark] - Carry out thermal cycling (amplification) of the PCR - Checking the PCR product (amplication) by agarose gel electrophoresis - Purify the PCR product - Perform a DNA extraction - Sequence the PCR product(Sanger sequencing) - Grow a fresh overnigh liquid culture - Obtain a pure bacterial culture - Set up a 16S Rrna gene PCR - Perform bioinformatic analysis (BLAST)arrow_forward
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8C - How to do genetic analysis; Author: Useful Genetics;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HIa7nPyGn4s;License: CC-BY