Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The structure of (R)-1-bromo-1-chloroethane should be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.
The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.
If the 4th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:
- Swap the 4th group with the group with the group present below the plane.
- Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.
- Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.
If the 4th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:
- Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.
- Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.
(b)
Interpretation:
The structure of (E)-2-bromopent-2-eneshould be drawn.
Concept introduction:
The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.
The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the
(c)
Interpretation:
The structure of (Z)-1-chloro-3-ethylhept-3-ene should be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons with double covalent bond between carbon-carbon atoms. On the basis of groups bonded with the double bonded carbon atoms, alkenes can be classified as E and Z-configuration.
The E-configuration stands for anti-configuration, whereas, Z-configuration stands for same side configuration.
The determination of configuration is done on the basis of the atomic/molecular mass of the atoms/groups attached to double bonded carbon atoms. If both higher atomic/molecular mass atom/groups are placed at the same side, then it is said to be Z-configuration and in E-configuration, these groups will be at anti-position.
(d)
Interpretation:
The structure of (R)-2-hydroxypropanoic acidshould be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.
The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.
If the 4th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:
- Swap the 4th group with the group with the group present below the plane.
- Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.
- Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.
If the 4th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:
- Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.
- Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.
(e)
Interpretation:
The structure of (S)-2-aminopropanoate anionshould be drawn.
Concept introduction:
Enantiomers are optical isomers, which can rotate the plane polarized light clockwise or anticlockwise. These molecules must have at least one chiral C atom, i.e., the carbon atom bonded with four different groups. They are assigned by R and S configuration.
The R/S naming follows the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog Rules for naming the enantiomer as R or S-enantiomer. According to Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules, assign the numbers from 1 to 4 to the groups bonded with chiral C atom on the basis of their molar mass. The essential condition is that the 4th group or atom must be below the plane. If the movement from 1(2(3 group is clockwise, then it will be R-configuration, and if it is anticlockwise, then it will be S-configuration.
If the 4th number group is in plane, then follow the following steps:
- Swap the 4th group with the group with the group present below the plane.
- Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.
- Flip the configuration to get the real configuration.
If the 4th number group is in above the plane shown by wedge line, then follow the following steps:
- Swap the 4 group with the group with the group present below the plane.
- Assign R/S configuration with clockwise or anticlockwise movement.
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Selected Solutions Manual For General Chemistry: Principles And Modern Applications
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