Concept explainers
To identify:
The lineages as plants, non vascular plants, vascular plants, seedless vascular plants and seed plants with reference to Figure 26.18 “Highlights of plant evolution” and also explain which of these categories are monophyletic and which are paraphyletic with reference to Figure 20.10 “Monophyletic, paraphyletic and polyphyletic groups’, in the textbook.
Introduction:
The evolution history of the organism is known as phylogeny and the branched diagram for evolutionary relationships among species based on their genetic and physical characteristics is known as phylogenetic tree which is also known as evolutionary tree.
Monophyletic groups are those which consist of ancestor and all of its descendents, paraphyletic group includes ancestor and few but not all descendents and polyphyletic group includes species that are distantly linked and does not include recent common ancestor.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 26 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus
- Review the life cycles of the three major plant groups (bryophyte or non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants). Be able to identify the gametophyte and sporophyte generations in each plant group. Make one graph that shows patterns of changes in the following characteristics, as the different plant groups (bryophytes or non-vascular plants, seedless vascular plants, and seed plants) appeared or evolved on land through time. 1) size of the gametophyte generation 2) size of the sporophyte generation 3) biomass (amount of organic material) stored in the sporophyte 4) degree of dependence on water for fertilization Make sure the y- and x- axes of the graph, labels and title are included and correctly applied.arrow_forwardDiscuss Concepts Compare the size, anatomical complexity, and degree of independence of a Douglas fir female gametophyte and a dogwood female gametophyte. Which one is the most protected from the external environment? Which trend(s) in plant evolution does your work on this question bring to mind?arrow_forwardWhat is the correct order of appearance in the fossil record, starting with the earliest: flowering plants, ferns, gymnosperms?arrow_forward
- Imagine that you are a systematist studying a group of little- known flowering plants. You discover that the phylogenetic tree based on flower morphology differs dramatically from the phylogenetic tree based on DNA sequences. How would you try to resolve the discrepancy? Which tree would you believe is more accurate?arrow_forwardDraw a tree depicting our current understanding of land plant phylogeny. Include the four major groups of land plants at the tips of your tree, label the common ancestor of land plants, and mark where each of the critical innovations arose: embryo, sporopollenin, vascular tissue, seeds, flowers.arrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 18. EVOLUTION LINK Where would you place the progymnosperms on Figure 28-2? Explain your reasoning. Figure 28-2 Gymnosperm and angiosperm evolution This cladogram shows a current hypothesis of phylogenetic relationships among living seed plants, based on structural evidence, molecular comparisons, and fossils. Relationships among extant gymnosperm clades and angiosperms remain controversial. The arrangement of the phyla shown here may change as future analyses help clarify relationships.arrow_forward
- Test Your Understanding Evaluate and Synthesize 14. VISUALIZE construct a cladogram based on the following data. Mosses are plants with no vascular tissue. Horse-tails, ferns, gymnosperms (pines and other plants with naked seeds), and angiosperms (flowering plants) are all vascular plants. Seeds are absent in all but the gymnosperms and angiosperms. Angiosperms are the only seed plants with flowers. (Hint: To help you construct the cladogram, draw a simple table showing which characters are present in each group. See Fig. 23-9.) Figure 23-9 Constructing a cladogram using outgroup analysisarrow_forwardTest Your Understanding Know and Comprehend 11. This flowering plant may be the nearest living relative to the ancestor of all flowering plants, (a) Amborella (b) Archaeopteris (c) Gnetum (d) water lily (e) magnoliaarrow_forwardCONNECT How do the life cycles of seedless plants (see Chapter 27) and seed plants differ? In what fundamental ways are they alike?arrow_forward
- MAKE CONNECTIONS How are root hairs and microvillianalogous structures? (See Figure 6.8 and the discussionof analogy in Concept 26.2.)arrow_forwardDiscuss four key evolution innovations in plants.arrow_forwardMAKE CONNECTIONS What type of cell division occurs as a megasporedevelops into a female gametophyte? Explain. (See Figure 13.10.)arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage LearningBiology: The Dynamic Science (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781305389892Author:Peter J. Russell, Paul E. Hertz, Beverly McMillanPublisher:Cengage Learning