(a)
Interpretation:
Retention time for cinnamaldehyde should be determined using Figure b.
Concept introduction:
The retention time of a substance can be determined using the chromatogram. The distance between the starting position (0) and the peak of the interested substance. From the x-axis of the chromatogram, retention time of the interested substance can be determined.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
Retention time = 19 min
Explanation of Solution
Figure b peak is obtained on the time of 19 mins, as shown using blue arrow. Therefore, retention time for cinnamaldehyde is 19 mins.
(b)
Interpretation:
Number of theoretical plates should be calculated using Figure b.
Concept introduction:
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
N= 36,100
Explanation of Solution
Peak width, (W) should be determined first, in order to calculate the number of theoretical plates. Peak width can be determined using Figure b, indicated in black arrow.
(c)
Interpretation:
Plate height should be calculated using the information in part a and b.
Concept introduction:
Plate height can be calculated using the following equation.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
Plate height = 0.83 mm
Explanation of Solution
Given information:
L= 30 cm
(d)
Interpretation:
Calibration curves should be plotted for cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and thymol. The R2 values for each compound also should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Standard addition method is an analytical method used in quantitative analysis of unknown samples. Calibration curves can be plotted, concentration vs relative peak area. That plot can be used to determine the unknown sample concentration.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
Explanation of Solution
Given information:
(e)
Interpretation:
Sensitivity levels of the calibration curves should be determined, as highest and lowest.
Concept introduction:
Linear regression R2 can be used to determine the linearity between two variables, with regard to this question the sensitivity of the calibration curve can be determined by the R2 value.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
Highest calibration curve sensitivity= Cinnamaldehyde
Lowest calibration curve sensitivity= Eugenol
Explanation of Solution
Higher the linear regression, higher the sensitivity of calibration curve. Linear regression R2 can be used to determine the linearity between two variables. Statistically, higher linear regression represents higher linearity/fitting of two variables to a linear equation.
Therefore, in this case cinnamaldehyde has the highest sensitivity, while eugenol has the lowest sensitivity.
(f)
Interpretation:
Concentrations of each component in the sample should be calculated. Then the standard deviation also should be calculated.
Concept introduction:
The equation obtained from the calibration curve in part d can be used in the calculation of concentrations of unknown samples.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
Standard deviations of:
Cinnamaldehyde=1.130
Eugenol=0.564
Thymol= 1.523
Explanation of Solution
Given information:
Information provided in the question that is used to solve this particular category
Relative peak areas:
Cinnamaldehyde=2.6
Eugenol=0.9
Thymol=3.8
Detailed explanation/work out of the complete problem.
Standard deviations were calculated using Excel sheets.
(g)
Interpretation:
The statistical effect should be calculated for the decomposition of cinnamaldehyde with the temperature.
Concept introduction:
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) test can be done in order to determine whether there is a statistical effect on temperature for the decomposition of cinnamaldehyde.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
There is a statistical effect on the decomposition of cinnamaldehyde.
Explanation of Solution
Given information:
Detailed explanation/work out of the complete problem.
The test was carried out using Excel.
Anova: Single Factor | ||||||
SUMMARY | ||||||
Groups | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||
Column 1 | 7 | 930 | 132.8571 | 4623.81 | ||
Column 2 | 7 | 490.7 | 70.1 | 82.59 | ||
ANOVA | ||||||
Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
Between Groups | 13784.61 | 1 | 13784.61 | 5.857814 | 0.0323 | 4.747225 |
Within Groups | 28238.4 | 12 | 2353.2 | |||
Total | 42023 | 13 |
Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication | ||||||
SUMMARY | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||
20 | 7 | 490.7 | 70.1 | 82.59 | ||
40 | 7 | 463.6 | 66.22857 | 131.359 | ||
60 | 7 | 470.1 | 67.15714 | 149.1929 | ||
40 | 3 | 263.8 | 87.93333 | 0.063333 | ||
60 | 3 | 204.4 | 68.13333 | 21.40333 | ||
100 | 3 | 186.8 | 62.26667 | 18.58333 | ||
140 | 3 | 175.2 | 58.4 | 29.89 | ||
180 | 3 | 177.6 | 59.2 | 36.91 | ||
200 | 3 | 190.9 | 63.63333 | 0.573333 | ||
210 | 3 | 225.7 | 75.23333 | 4.083333 | ||
ANOVA | ||||||
Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
Rows | 57.19143 | 2 | 28.59571 | 2.06938 | 0.168992 | 3.885294 |
Columns | 2013.03 | 6 | 335.5049 | 24.27942 | 4.75E-06 | 2.99612 |
Error | 165.8219 | 12 | 13.81849 | |||
Total | 2236.043 | 20 |
(h)
Interpretation:
The test should be carried out to the hypothesis that, there is no effect of temperature or time on the decomposition of the sample.
Concept introduction:
Statistical test ANOVA should be carried out in order to check the hypothesis.
Answer to Problem 27.30QAP
Check the explanation part.
Explanation of Solution
Anova: Two-Factor Without Replication | ||||||
SUMMARY | Count | Sum | Average | Variance | ||
20 | 6 | 403 | 67.16667 | 26.83067 | ||
40 | 6 | 375.4 | 62.56667 | 44.99067 | ||
60 | 6 | 382.2 | 63.7 | 78.636 | ||
60 | 3 | 204.4 | 68.13333 | 21.40333 | ||
100 | 3 | 186.8 | 62.26667 | 18.58333 | ||
140 | 3 | 175.2 | 58.4 | 29.89 | ||
180 | 3 | 177.6 | 59.2 | 36.91 | ||
200 | 3 | 190.9 | 63.63333 | 0.573333 | ||
210 | 3 | 225.7 | 75.23333 | 4.083333 | ||
ANOVA | ||||||
Source of Variation | SS | df | MS | F | P-value | F crit |
Rows | 68.92444 | 2 | 34.46222 | 2.238356 | 0.157272 | 4.102821 |
Columns | 598.3244 | 5 | 119.6649 | 7.772354 | 0.003183 | 3.325835 |
Error | 153.9622 | 10 | 15.39622 | |||
Total | 821.2111 | 17 |
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Chapter 27 Solutions
Principles of Instrumental Analysis
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- Principles of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning