Chapter 3, Problem 3F.9E

Interpretation Introduction

Interpretation:

Ion-dipole, induced dipole-induced dipole, dipole-dipole in gas phase, ion-ion and dipole-dipole in solid phase in order of their strengths has to be arranged.

Concept Introduction:

Intermolecular forces are forces that are responsible for interaction between molecules. Such forces include both attractive as well as repulsive forces.

Types of intermolecular forces:

1. Ion-dipole forces: These forces come into play when ions interact with polar molecules. Ion gets attracted to oppositely charged end of polar molecule.

2. Dipole-dipole forces: These forces arise when there is interaction between oppositely charged ends of different dipoles.

3. London forces: These forces exist when there is interaction between nonpolar molecules. There occurs distortion in symmetry of electron clouds when two nonpolar molecules come closer to each other. Such forces exist in all molecules and therefore London forces are called universal.

4. Hydrogen bonding: This intermolecular force exists when hydrogen atoms are connected to highly electronegative elements like $\text{N}$, $\text{O}$ and $\text{F}$. It is the strongest intermolecular interaction.