Campbell Biology in Focus, Books a la Carte Edition; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText - ValuePack Access Card - for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
2nd Edition
ISBN: 9780134433769
Author: Lisa A. Urry, Michael L. Cain, Steven A. Wasserman
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 35, Problem 12TYU
Summary Introduction
To determine:
The reason for the loss of DNA in mature B and T cells, focusing primarily on the similarities between cellular and organismal generations.
Introduction:
T cells and the B cells are the cells that provide cellular immunity to the body. These cells posses the receptors or the antibodies that recognize a foreign antigen. This process in turn elicits the immune response of the body.
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Researchers can make monoclonal antibodies by immunizing a mouse with a molecule (or with a microorganism). The resulting antibody-mediated response produces a set of antibodies that recognize different parts of the molecule. The mouse's B cells are then harvested from its spleen and fused with cancerous B cells from a myeloma cell line. The resulting hybrid myeloma ("hybridoma") cells are cloned: Individual cells are grown in tissue culture as separate cell lines. Each cell line produces and secretes antibodies that recognize one part of the immunizing molecule. These antibodies are called monoclonal antibodies, and they can be purified and used for research or other purposes. Monoclonal antibodies are effective for passive immunization, but only in the immediate term. Antibodies produced by one's own immune system can last up to about six months in the bloodstream, but monoclonals delivered in passive immunization often last for less than a week. Why the difference?
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the causative agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) infects T-helper cells that have the CD4 receptor on their surface:
gp120
CD4 receptor
-CXCR4 coreceptor
RNA-
Revorse
transcriptase
enzyme
Core with -
protein coat
Capsomeres of
protein coat
Envelope
T cll
DNA
(a) Structure of HIV
(b) HIV infecting a T cell with CD4 receptors,
and CXCR4 coreceptors which are distributed
over the surface of the cell
Copyright e 2001 Benjamin Cummings, an imprint of Addison Wesloy Longman, Inc.
A. As shown in the above diagram, HIV attaches to a susceptible cell by a binding interaction between the gp120 protein on the virus protein and the CD4 and CXCR4 receptors on the surface of the T-helper cell. What will be the next event in the virus life cycle?
B. One mechanism for transmission of HIV is direct contact during sexual activity. What is the other common mechanism of transmission?
The T-cell receptor gene segments are arranged in a similar pattern to immunoglobulin gene segments and are rearranged by the same enzymes. While B cells and T cells differ markedly in their functions during an immune response, the two lymphocyte subsets share the enzymatic machinery and overall scheme for generating antigen receptor diversity. This is because:
B cells and T cells recognize the same form of antigen expressed by an infecting pathogen.
Animals with B cells developed first, and later evolving species then developed T cells.
B cells and T cells both need enormous antigen receptor diversity to provide protection against the diversity of pathogens.
Antibody and T-cell receptor gene segments are both flanked by similar recombination signal sequences.
B cells and T cells both secrete their antigen receptor proteins after they are activated by antigen-binding.
Chapter 35 Solutions
Campbell Biology in Focus, Books a la Carte Edition; Modified Mastering Biology with Pearson eText - ValuePack Access Card - for Campbell Biology in Focus (2nd Edition)
Ch. 35.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 35.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 35.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.2 - Explain how memory cells strengthen the immune...Ch. 35.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 35.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35 - Prob. 1TYU
Ch. 35 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 35 - DRAW IT Consider a pencil-shaped protein with two...Ch. 35 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Contrast clonal selection with...Ch. 35 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 35 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Describe one invertebrate...Ch. 35 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 13TYU
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