EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
2nd Edition
ISBN: 8220101459299
Author: Reece
Publisher: PEARSON
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Chapter 35.1, Problem 2CC
MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that activate the vertebrate TLR signal transduction pathway differ from the ligands in most other signaling pathways (see Concept 5.6)?
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Compare and contrast GPCR and RTK receptors with respect to
(a)structure (especially the transmembrane region),
(b) activation mechanism, and
(c) initial signal transduction across the membrane.
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Many studies have indicated that autophagy and apoptosis play an important role in the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. In recent years, research on autophagy-related signal transduction pathways has demonstrated that the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is closely associated with the initiation of autophagy. However, the mechanism of the pathological relationship between this signaling pathway and apoptosis in spinal cord injury is unclear. In this study, we used an in vitro model of spinal cord injury to observe the mechanism of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway and the apoptosis of neurons via the mitochondrial pathway. Mitochondrial pathway apoptosis-related proteins were detected by western blot. Akt and mTOR phosphorylation levels peaked 4 h after mechanical damage and then decreased. Following administration of the PI3K-specific…
DRAW IT Draw the following apoptotic pathway, whichoperates in human immune cells. A death signal isreceived when a molecule called Fas binds its cell-surfacereceptor. The binding of many Fas molecules to receptorscauses receptor clustering. The intracellular regions of thereceptors, when together, bind proteins called adaptorproteins. These in turn bind to inactive molecules ofcaspase-8, which become activated and then activatecaspase-3. Once activated, caspase-3 initiates apoptosis.
Chapter 35 Solutions
EBK CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN FOCUS
Ch. 35.1 - Pus is both a sign of infection and an indicator...Ch. 35.1 - MAKE CONNECTIONS How do the molecules that...Ch. 35.1 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35.2 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.2 - Explain how memory cells strengthen the immune...Ch. 35.2 - WHAT IF? If both copies of a light-chain gene and...Ch. 35.3 - Prob. 1CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 2CCCh. 35.3 - Prob. 3CCCh. 35 - Prob. 1TYU
Ch. 35 - Prob. 2TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 3TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 4TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 5TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 6TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 7TYUCh. 35 - DRAW IT Consider a pencil-shaped protein with two...Ch. 35 - MAKE CONNECTIONS Contrast clonal selection with...Ch. 35 - Prob. 10TYUCh. 35 - FOCUS ON EVOLUTION Describe one invertebrate...Ch. 35 - Prob. 12TYUCh. 35 - Prob. 13TYU
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- 10-In GPCR signaling, the cleavage of PIP2 results in IP3 and: A. DAG B. CAMP C. Calcium D. Phospholipase C 11-Which of the following is a second messenger involved in alpha-adrenergic receptor signaling in liver cells: A) Glucagon B) cyclic AMP C) Calcium ions D) CO2 gas 12-Which of the following is a second messenger produced by the cleavage of PIP2 in GPCR signaling in liver cells: A. Protein kinase B. CAMP C. IP3 D. Phospholipase C 13-Which statement explains the involvement of apoptosis in Alzheimer disease? A. Apoptosis failure causes Alzheimer B. Alzheimer is caused by the death of all brain cells but not neurons. C. Alzheimer is caused by apoptosis activation in neuronal cells. D. None of brain diseases is related to apoptosis 14-Which of the following should be inhibited to block the release of calcium mediated by GPCR signaling from the endoplasmic reticulum? A. Protein kinase B. Phosphatase C. Adenylyl cyclase D. Phospholipase C 15-One of the following is an example of the…arrow_forward← HW Cell signaling Chapt 15 8 of 20 View Policies Current Attempt in Progress What is the relationship between the formation of IP 3 and the elevation of intracellular [Ca²+]? -/1 Binding of IP 3 to the membrane causes releases of calcium. Binding of IP3 to the smooth ER causes releases of calcium. Binding of IP3 to its receptor in bone tissues triggers release of calcium. None of these is the correct answer. eTextbook and Media Save for Later Attempts: 0 of 2 used Submit Answer …..arrow_forwardHow are the structures of a GPCR and an RTK similar? How doesinitiation of signal transduction differ for these two types of receptors?arrow_forward
- A scientist observes a mutation in the transmembrane region of EGFR that eliminates its ability to be stabilized by binding interactions during dimerization after ligand binding. Which hypothesis regarding the effect of this mutation on EGF signaling is most likely to be correct? EGF signaling cascades would be active for longer in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would be active for a shorter period of time in the cell. EGF signaling cascades would not occur. EGF signaling would be unaffected.arrow_forwardCompare and contrast GPCR and RTK signaling. What role does GTP play in each? What role does phosphorylation play? How is each signal differently amplified? How do these two signaling types compare to steroid signaling with respect to gene activation?arrow_forwardPane Create a diagram which illustrates the typical signalling mechanism of action of g protein coupled and possible routes of communication (autocrine etc.). Should show the specific molecules involved, the mechanisms of signal transduction and indicate the different pathways that are activated. It should include a specific example of a receptor, ligand and signalling pathway for each general class. Include as wide a variety of ligands and modes of action as you can. for a novel pathway. Superfamily Give the superfamily to which the receptor belongs Accession Give the Uniprot accession number Name Give the molecule name Species Give the species Ligand What is the ligand, or class of ligands which bind to this receptor? Key What are the physiological processes involved? Is this autocrine, physiological paracrine or endocrine or some combination of them? What is the pathology of the receptor? process involved What are the downstream actions of the receptor? Which molecules does it…arrow_forward
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