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Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
With four bonding groups and zero nonbonding groups about the central atom, the molecular geometry that is associated has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained. Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry. Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.
Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted. VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule. Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.
If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus. This means the angle has to be
If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle. This means the angle has to be
If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement. This means the angle has to be
The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group. This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons. The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.
Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:
The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups. They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups. The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral. The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal. The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.
Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:
The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups. They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups. The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar. The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.
Linear VSEPR electron group:
The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups. It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.
(b)
Interpretation:
With two bonding groups and two nonbonding groups about the central atom, the molecular geometry that is associated has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained. Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry. Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.
Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted. VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule. Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.
If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus. This means the angle has to be
If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle. This means the angle has to be
If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement. This means the angle has to be
The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group. This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons. The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.
Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:
The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups. They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups. The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral. The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal. The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.
Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:
The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups. They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups. The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar. The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.
Linear VSEPR electron group:
The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups. It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.
(c)
Interpretation:
With three bonding groups and zero nonbonding groups about the central atom, the molecular geometry that is associated has to be given.
Concept Introduction:
Information about the number of bonds and types of bonds can be obtained from Lewis structure but the molecular geometry cannot be obtained. Three dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule can be given by molecular geometry. Physical and chemical properties are determined by the molecular geometry of the molecule.
Using VSEPR theory and Lewis structure, the molecular geometry of the molecule that contain less number of atoms can be predicted. VSEPR theory uses the information from Lewis structure of the molecule to predict the molecular geometry of the molecule. Main concept of VSEPR theory is that electron pairs that are present in the valence shell adopt arrangement in a way that minimize the repulsion between like charges.
If the central atom contains two electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on opposite side of the nucleus. This means the angle has to be
If the central atom contains three electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be on corner of a triangle. This means the angle has to be
If the central atom contains four electron pairs, then it has to be far apart means, it has to be in a tetrahedral arrangement. This means the angle has to be
The collection of valence electron that is present in localized region about central atom in a molecule is known as VSEPR electron group. This may contain two electrons, four electrons, or six electrons. The electron group that contain four and six electrons repel each other.
Tetrahedral VSEPR electron group:
The four electron pairs can be of three VSEPR electron groups. They are 4 bonding electron groups, 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups. The molecular geometry that is associated with 4 bonding electron groups is tetrahedral. The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is trigonal pyramidal. The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 2 nonbonding electron groups is angular.
Trigonal planar VSEPR electron group:
The three electron pairs can be of two VSEPR electron groups. They are 3 bonding electron groups, and 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups. The molecular geometry that is associated with 3 bonding electron groups is trigonal planar. The molecular geometry that is associated with 2 bonding and 1 nonbonding electron groups is angular.
Linear VSEPR electron group:
The two electron pairs can be of only one VSEPR electron groups. It is only 2 bonding electron groups and the geometry associated with it is linear geometry.
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Chapter 5 Solutions
EBK GENERAL, ORGANIC, AND BIOLOGICAL CH
- Determine the chemical formula for the following molecules by counting the Carbon, Hydrogen and Oxygen atoms. Determine if the molecule is a carbohydrate by checking the ratio of atoms. 5. Ho C H-C-OH I H-C-OH H-C-OH [ CH₂OH 6. CH₂OH HO-C=O H-C-OH 1 H-C-OH 1 H-C-DH 1 H - COH I H-C-H I H Chemical formula Carbohydrate? Chemical formula Carbohydrate ?arrow_forwardwhich of the bonds in the molecule below are polar. explain why.arrow_forwardWhat are the functional groups that can be found in the molecule? A. Ether, secondary amine, alkene (Ether, amina sekundar, alkena) B. Ether, primary amine, alkene (Eter, amina utama, alkena) C. Ether, amide, alkene (Eter, amida, alkena) D. Ester, primary amine, alkene (Ester, amina utama, alkena)arrow_forward
- Use valence bond theory to explain the bonding in O2. Sketch the overlap of the atomic orbitals involved in the bonds in O2.arrow_forward1.)Draw 2,2‑dimethylbutane. Show all hydrogen atoms. 2.)Draw 3‑ethylhexanoic acid. Draw the structure in line‑bond form.arrow_forwardCompound P was discovered by a scientist. Compound P is a dipeptide, optically active and has the molecular formula C„H14N2O3. Compound P is formed when compound Q and compound R joined together by condensation reaction. While, monomers S and T are formed by modifying the compounds Q and R. Polymer U is formed by the condensation reaction of monomers S and T. Draw the possible structural formulae of compounds P, Q, R, S, T and U. Label the peptide bond(s) for compound P. Draw the possible structural formulae for repeating unit of polymer U. Please state the number of functional groups present in compound P.arrow_forward
- The “octet rule” in chemistry helps predict the types of bonds thatatoms will form. In general, an atom will be most stable if it fills itsouter shell of 8 electrons. Atoms with fewer than 4 valence electronstend to donate electrons and those with more than 4 valence electronstend to accept additional electrons; those with exactly 4 can do both.Using this rule, determine what category each of the followingelements falls into: N, S, C, P, O, H, Ca, Fe, and Mg. (You will needto work out the valence of the atoms.)arrow_forwardIdentify the chiral carbon in each of the following compounds: a. citronellol; one enantiomer has the odor of geranium b. alanine, an amino acidarrow_forwardDefine the following terms: a. hydrocarbon b. hydrophilic c. hydrophobic d. functional group e. R grouparrow_forward
- Compare the average N–O bond in NO3– to the average N–O bonds in NO2+ and NO2– (from above). Rank the three N–O bonds from weakest to strongest and from shortest to longest.arrow_forwardDraw the structure of the wax composed of stearic acid and a straight-chained alcohol with 30 carbon atoms.arrow_forwardHow many of the carbons in the following structure are stereocenters?arrow_forward
- Biology (MindTap Course List)BiologyISBN:9781337392938Author:Eldra Solomon, Charles Martin, Diana W. Martin, Linda R. BergPublisher:Cengage Learning
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