Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The mechanism for the given reaction should be proposed.
Concept introduction:
Nucleophile: Nucleophiles are electron rich compounds which donates electrons to electrophilic compounds which results in bond formation.
Nucleophilic nature depends on the negative charge present in the molecule, the solvent in which it present and the electronegativity of the atom.
Electrophile: Electrophiles are electron deficient compounds which accepts electrons from nucleophiles that results in bond formation.
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
(b)
Interpretation:
The type of carbo cation formed first should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
(c)
Interpretation:
The type of carbo cation formed after rearrangement should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
(d)
Interpretation:
The reason behind the rearrangement should be determined.
Concept introduction:
Addition Reaction: It is defined as chemical reaction in which two given molecules combines and forms product. The types of addition reactions are electrophilic addition, nucleophilic addition, free radical additions and cycloadditions. Generally, compounds with carbon-hetero atom bonds favors addition reaction.
In addition reaction of alkenes when two substituents are placed on same side of
Acid Catalyzed Hydration Reaction: The reaction involves breaking of phi bonds between carbon-carbon multiple bonds and addition of alcohol to more substituted position of carbon in the molecule.
First step is the acid donates proton to the alkene which leads to the formation of more stable carbo cation.
Then, the water is added to the given alkene through acid catalyzed reaction where the water gets added to the carbo cation finally, the removal of one proton from oxonium ion (oxygen with one positive charge) using water results in the formation of product.
Carbocation: it is carbon ion that bears a positive charge on it.
Carbocation stability order:
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Organic Chemistry
- 1 Consider the reaction of (R)-2-chloro-3-methylbutane with sodium iodide to form aproduct.(a) Draw the reaction scheme with the correct stereochemistry (reactant + NaI → product+ NaCl). Circle the nucleophile and draw a rectangle around the electrophile.(b) What is the symbol used for mechanism shown in 1(a)(c) If the sodium iodide was replaced with sodium hydroxide, the product is anALKENE. Draw a reaction MECHANISM to show how this happens.(d) Draw the reaction energy diagram for the reaction in 1(c) and label the activationenergy. (e) Using any alcohol with five carbons, and any carboxylic acid with six carbons, draw areaction to show how we would make an ester.(f) Describe the practical on esters. Please answer (d) to (f)arrow_forwardDrawing Substitution and Elimination Products from a 2° Alkyl Halide. Explain how ?arrow_forwardWhich member in each pair is a better leaving group? a. H2O or HO- b. NH3 or H2O c. H2O or H2S d. HO- or HS- e. I- or Br-. f. Cl- or Brarrow_forward
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- Consider the following two-step reaction: a.How many bonds are broken and formed in Step [1]? Would you predict the ΔHo of Step [1] to be positive or negative? b.How many bonds are broken and formed in Step [2]? Would you predict the ΔHo of Step [2] to be positive or negative? c.Which step is rate-determining? d.Draw the structure for the transition state in both steps of the mechanism. e.If ΔHooverall is negative for this two-step reaction, draw an energy diagram illustrating all of the information in parts (a)–(d).arrow_forwardWhat is the major product for the following reaction? A B C Darrow_forward1. a) Show the reaction of 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallic acetate) with an ORS (oxygen reactive species), in this case use the radical RO•. Draw at least one resonance structure of the radical formed from your compound. b) Draw the resonance hybrid of this stabilized radical.arrow_forward
- Organic Chemistry: A Guided InquiryChemistryISBN:9780618974122Author:Andrei StraumanisPublisher:Cengage Learning