Concept explainers
Interpretation:
Thereaction of propyl bromide with sodium cyanide
Concept introduction:
Electrophiles are electron-deficient species, which has positive or partially positive charge. Lewis acids are electrophiles, which accept electron pair.
Nucleophiles are electron-rich species, which has negative or partially negative charge. Lewis bases are nucleophiles, which donate electron pair.
Substitution reaction: A reaction in which one of the hydrogen atoms of a hydrocarbon or a
Nucleophilic substitution reaction is a reaction in which an electron-rich nucleophile attacks the positive or partial positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group.
In
The
The
A chemical species thathas the tendency to donate an electron pair to an electrophile in order to form a chemical bondis known as nucleophile.
To form an alkyl halide, reaction takes place between halogen atoms and alkanes.
Cyanide ion
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 6 Solutions
Organic Chemistry
- (c) Compound 2F shown below is a tetra-substituted cyclooctatetraene. After heating 2F at 160 degree for 6 hours, researchers observed the formation of an isomer of 2F. Draw the isomer structure and provide a plausible mechanism to explain the formation of the isomers. 2Farrow_forward• PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.24 A, B, and C are alkynes. Elucidate their structures and that of D using the following reaction roadmap. H2, Pt H,, Pt A (C3H14) (C3H14) IR: 3300 cm (1) O3 (2) HOẠC HO, H2, Pt (C3H12) (C3H16) (1) O3 (2) HOAC hol bian vd beeollot Но. ОН AOHarrow_forwardO PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.14 Starting with any needed alkene (or cycloalkene) and assuming you have deuterioace- tic acid (CH3CO,D) available, outline syntheses of the following deuterium-labeled compounds.s el en olad lo nohibbs ad CH3 (a) (CH3)2CHCH2CH,D (b) (CH3),CHCHDCH3 (c) (+ enantiomer) (d) Assuming you also have available BD3:THF and CH3CO2T, can you suggest a synthesis of the following? hab erl (+ enantiomer)he imo (nwond-ben) CH3 H. (asoholea)arrow_forward
- Predict the products of the following ozonolysis reactions. • PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.21 (a) (1) Og (2) Me,S (1) Og (c) (2) Me,s (1) O, (b) (2) Me,Sarrow_forward6. 20For the following reaction: + OH 1.) 2Naº O 2.) Br Predict the major product, and show the mechanism for the formation of the major product.arrow_forwardFollowing is a balanced equation for bromination of toluene.(a) Using the values for bond dissociation enthalpies given in Appendix 3,calculate ∆H0for this reaction.(b) Propose a pair of chain propagation steps and show that they add up to theobserved reaction.(c) Calculate ∆H0for each chain propagation step.(d) Which propagation step is rate-determininarrow_forward
- 8.23 In each of the following indicate which reaction will occur faster. Explain your reasoning. (D) Solvolysis of 1-bromo-2,2-dimethylpropane or tert-butyl bromide in ethanol (E) Solvolysis of isobutyl bromide or sec-butyl bromide in aqueous formic acid (F) Reaction of 1-chlorobutane with sodium acetate in acetic acid or with sodium methoxide in methanolarrow_forwardWhen tert-butyl bromide is heated with an equal amount of ethanol in an inert solvent, one of the products is ethyl tert-butyl ether. (a) What happens to the reaction rate if the concentration of ethanol is doubled?arrow_forward7.20 Write the product you would expect from reaction of each of the following alkyl halides with (i) Na+ ¯SCH3 and (ii) NaOH (yellow-green = Cl): (b) (c) (a)arrow_forward
- Consider an E2 reaction between (2-bromoethyl)cyclohexane and base potassium tert-butoxide. Describe the rate of elimination when each of the following changes occurred: (i) The base is changed to sodium hydroxide. (ii) The halogen atom of alkyl halide is replaced by chlorine.arrow_forward6.27 Your task is to prepare isopropyl methyl ether by one of the following reactions. Which reaction would give the better yield? Explain your answer. ·l+ (1) This announcement is rinud for comments + CH₂ONa OCH₂ or (2) Isopropyl methyl ether ONa + CH₂l - OCH₂ Isopropyl methyl etherarrow_forward• PRACTICE PROBLEM 8.12 Treating a hindered alkene such as 2-methyl-2-butene with BH3:THE leads to the for- mation of a dialkylborane instead of a trialkylborane. When 2 mol of 2-methyl-2-butene is added to 1 mol of BH3, the product formed is bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane, nicknamed in reagent "disiamylborane." Write its structure. Bis(3-methyl-2-butyl)borane is a useful certain syntheses that require a sterically hindered borane. (The name “disiamyl" comes from "disecondary-iso-amyl," a completely unsystematic and unacceptable name. The name "amyl" is an old common name for a five-carbon alkyl group.) donbyarrow_forward
- ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781305957404Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan A. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Cengage LearningChemistryChemistryISBN:9781259911156Author:Raymond Chang Dr., Jason Overby ProfessorPublisher:McGraw-Hill EducationPrinciples of Instrumental AnalysisChemistryISBN:9781305577213Author:Douglas A. Skoog, F. James Holler, Stanley R. CrouchPublisher:Cengage Learning
- Organic ChemistryChemistryISBN:9780078021558Author:Janice Gorzynski Smith Dr.Publisher:McGraw-Hill EducationChemistry: Principles and ReactionsChemistryISBN:9781305079373Author:William L. Masterton, Cecile N. HurleyPublisher:Cengage LearningElementary Principles of Chemical Processes, Bind...ChemistryISBN:9781118431221Author:Richard M. Felder, Ronald W. Rousseau, Lisa G. BullardPublisher:WILEY