Concept explainers
(a)
Interpretation:
The point on the graph corresponding the reactants needs to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
In chemistry, reactants are the raw chemical substances which are involvedin a
(b)
Interpretation:
The point on the graph corresponding to the products needs to be indicated.
Concept introduction:
In a chemical reaction, products are the final chemical substances which form at the end of a chemical reaction. An energy diagram shows the energy changes which occur during a chemical reaction.
(c)
Interpretation:
The transition state on the graph needs to be determined.
Concept introduction:
Transition state is the state relevant to the highest energy through the reaction coordinate. So, these transition states are shown as the highest peaks in the energy diagram.
(d)
Interpretation:
The energy gap between the reactant and the transition state in the graph needs to be identified.
Concept introduction:
Activation energy of a reactionis the amount of energy that must be provided to start a chemical reaction.
(e)
Interpretation:
The energy difference between reactants and products should be considered.
Concept introduction:
Enthalpy (
(f)
Interpretation:
The highest energy peak position present in the reaction coordinate should be selected.
Concept introduction:
Highest energy position in the reaction coordinate is represented by the highest energy, least stable chemical species form in the reaction.
(g)
Interpretation:
The lowest energy position, the exothermic/endothermic nature of the reaction should be considered.
Concept introduction:
In an exothermic reaction heat is released thus, the energy of product is lower than that of reactant. On the other hand, in an endothermic reaction heat is absorbed thus, the energy of product is higher than that of reactant.
Want to see the full answer?
Check out a sample textbook solutionChapter 6 Solutions
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry - 4th edition
- . A(n) _______ speeds up a reaction without being consumed.arrow_forwardHydrogen chloride gas dissolves in water to form hydrochloric acid (an ionic solution). HCl(g)H2OH+(aq)+Cl(aq) Find H for the above reaction. The data are given in Table 6.2.arrow_forwardxplain why aluminum cans make good storage containers for soft drinks. Styrofoam cups can be used to keep coffee hot and cola cold. How can this be?arrow_forward
- Insoluble AgCl(s) precipitates when solutions of AgNO3(aq) and NaCl(aq) are mixed. AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) rH = ? To measure the energy evolved in this reaction, 250. mL of 0.16 M AgNO3(aq) and 125 mL of 0.32 M NaCl(aq) are mixed in a coffee-cup calorimeter. The temperature of the mixture rises from 21.15 C to 22.90 C. Calculate the enthalpy change for the precipitation of AgCl(s), in kJ/mol. (Assume the density of the solution is 1.0 g/mL and its specific heat capacity is 4.2 J/g K.)arrow_forwardExplain why each of the following chemical equations is not a correct formation reaction: 4Al( s )+3 O 2 ( g )2 Al 2 O 3 ( s ) N 2 ( g )+ 3 2 H 2 ( g ) NH 3 ( g ) 2Na( s )+O( g ) Na 2 O( s )arrow_forwardEnthalpy a A 100.-g sample of water is placed in an insulated container and allowed to come to room temperature at 21C. To heat the water sample to 41C, how much heat must you add to it? b Consider the hypothetical reaction,2X(aq)+Y(l)X2Y(aq)being run in an insulated container that contains 100. g of solution. If the temperature of the solution changes from 21C to 31C, how much heat does the chemical reaction produce? How does this answer compare with that in part a? (You can assume that this solution is so dilute that it has the same heat capacity as pure water.) c If you wanted the temperature of 100. g of this solution to increase from 21C to 51C, how much heat would you have to add to it? (Try to answer this question without using a formula.) d If you had added 0.02 mol of X and 0.01 mol of Y to form the solution in part b, how many moles of X and Y would you need to bring about the temperature change described in part c. e Judging on the basis of your answers so far, what is the enthalpy of the reaction 2X(aq) + Y(l) X2Y(aq)?arrow_forward
- 4.60 Why are fuel additives used?arrow_forwardConsider the two space shuttle fuel reactions in Exercises 81 and 82. Which reaction produces more energy per kilogram of reactant mixture (stoichiometric amounts)? 81. The reusable booster rockets of the space shuttle use a mixture of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate as fuel. A possible reaction is 3Al(s)+3NH4ClO4(s)Al2O3(s)+AlCl3(s)+3NO(g)+6H2O(g) Calculate H for this reaction 82. The space shuttle Orbiter utilizes the oxidation of methylhydrazine by dinitrogen tetroxide for propulsion: 4N2H3CH3(l)+5N2O4(l)12H2O(g)+9N2(g)+4CO2(g) Calculate H for this reactionarrow_forward
- Chemistry: The Molecular ScienceChemistryISBN:9781285199047Author:John W. Moore, Conrad L. StanitskiPublisher:Cengage LearningWorld of Chemistry, 3rd editionChemistryISBN:9781133109655Author:Steven S. Zumdahl, Susan L. Zumdahl, Donald J. DeCostePublisher:Brooks / Cole / Cengage Learning
- Living By Chemistry: First Edition TextbookChemistryISBN:9781559539418Author:Angelica StacyPublisher:MAC HIGHERChemistry for Today: General, Organic, and Bioche...ChemistryISBN:9781305960060Author:Spencer L. Seager, Michael R. Slabaugh, Maren S. HansenPublisher:Cengage LearningGeneral, Organic, and Biological ChemistryChemistryISBN:9781285853918Author:H. Stephen StokerPublisher:Cengage Learning