(a) Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C − H bond is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond. Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

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Answer 1

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Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

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All are true or false a) A radical contains an atom that has an octet of electrons. b) Chlorination is faster than bromination. c) Less stable radicals generally do not rearrange to more stable radicals.

This question has multiple parts. Work all the parts to get the most points. a Draw all of the monochlorination products that you might obtain from the free-radical chlorination of 2,2,4-trimethylpentane. You do not have to consider stereochemistry. Draw one structure per sketcher. Add additional sketchers using the drop-down menu in the bottom right corner. Separate multiple products using the + sign from the drop-down menu.

2. In the bromination reactions, what is the function of CCl4? Why can it fulfil its role?3. Bromination proceeds by either free radical substitution or electrophillic addition. Based on Table 3, which mechanism is followed by alkanes? by alkenes? by alkynes?4. For which hydrocarbon type is light necessary for bromination to take place?5. What is the function of light in the bromination reaction? Why are alkenes and alkynes not included as samples?

Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

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Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

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Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

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Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 6.37P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical formed by the homolysis of each type of C−H bond is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is a process in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Carbocation behaves as electrophile due to lack of electrons and incomplete octet, whereas carbanion behaves as a nucleophile in the chemical reaction due to the presence of an excess of electrons.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: More stable radical formed from propane is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Heterolysis is the process, in which unequal sharing of electrons results in breaking of the bond.

Answer 12

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Answer 13

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Answer 14

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Answer 15

Ch. 6 - Problem 6.1 Classify each transformation as...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.2P Ch. 6 - Problem 6.3 By taking into account...Ch. 6 - Problem 6.4 Use curved arrows to show the movement...Ch. 6 - Problem 6.5 Follow the curved arrows and draw the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.6P Ch. 6 - Problem 6.7 Use the values in Table 6.2 to...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.8P Ch. 6 - aWhich Keq corresponds to a negative value of G,...Ch. 6 - Given each of the following values, is the...

Solution Summary: The author explains that the formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occurs due to the heterolysis process.

Concept explainers

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

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Chapter 6 Solutions

Solution Summary: The author explains that the formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occurs due to the heterolysis process.

Concept explainers

(b) Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted. Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 6 Solutions

(b)

Interpretation: The stronger C−H bond is to be predicted.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determined by bond dissociation energy.