(a) Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C − H a bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn. Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron. Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Question

Want to see the full answer?

Answer 1

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Students have asked these similar questions

Draw resonance forms to show how the BHA radical is stabilized by delocalization of the radical electron over other atoms in the molecule.

In cells, vitamin C exists largely as its conjugate base X. X is an antioxidant because radicals formed in oxidation processes abstract the labeled H atom, forming a new radical that halts oxidation. Draw the structure of the radical formed by H abstraction, and explain why this H atom is most easily removed.

Free radical halogenation is used to replace one or more hydrogens on an alkane with one or more halogens (either chlorine or bromine). It is a substitution reaction. A student performs a free radical bromination on 3-methyl-pentane (5.88 g) to create the desired product of 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane. The product mix, which hopefully contains almost all 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane, is cleaned up by passing it through a gas chromoatograph, which separates out the 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane from any undesired products made during the reaction (undesired products are created frequently in free radical halogenation). The initial product mix weighed 9.45 g; the purified 3-bromo-3-methyl-pentane weighed 7.21 g. What is the student's percent recovery?

Answer 2

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 3

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 4

Question

Formula Formula Bond dissociation energy (BDE) is the energy required to break a bond, making it an endothermic process. BDE is calculated for a particular bond and therefore consists of fragments such as radicals since it undergoes homolytic bond cleavage. For the homolysis of a X-Y molecule, the energy of bond dissociation is calculated as the difference in the total enthalpy of formation for the reactants and products. X-Y → X + Y BDE = Δ H f X + Δ H f Y – Δ H f X-Y where, ΔHf is the heat of formation.

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Expert Solution & Answer

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 5

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Answer 6

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 7

Chapter 6, Problem 6.56P

Interpretation Introduction

(a)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Ha bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 8

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 9

Interpretation Introduction

(b)

Interpretation: The carbon radical which is formed by homolysis of the C−Hb bond in propylbenzene is to be identified. All reasonable resonance structures for the generated radical is to be drawn.

Concept introduction: The formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical occur due to the heterolysis or homolysis process. Homolysis is opposite to the heterolysis. It forms radical with an unpaired electron.

Resonance is the delocalisation of π electrons in conjugated position which leads to the formation of more than one structure. These structures are known as resonance structures.

Answer 10

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Answer 11

Interpretation Introduction

(c)

Interpretation: The weaker C−H bond is to be identified.

Concept introduction: The energy which is released or absorbed in the chemical reactions is referred to as bond dissociation energy. The strength of a bond in the reaction is determinedby bond dissociation energy. The chemical reactions in which energy is released from dissociation during the formation of products are known as exothermic reactions. In endothermic reactions, reactants absorb energy to form the desired products. Exothermic and endothermic reactions are opposite to each other. The value of ΔH° for exothermic and endothermic reactions is positive and negative respectively.

Answer 12

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 13

Expert Solution & Answer

Answer 14

Want to see the full answer?

Check out a sample textbook solution

See solution

Answer 15

Ch. 6 - Problem 6.1 Classify each transformation as...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.2P Ch. 6 - Problem 6.3 By taking into account...Ch. 6 - Problem 6.4 Use curved arrows to show the movement...Ch. 6 - Problem 6.5 Follow the curved arrows and draw the...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.6P Ch. 6 - Problem 6.7 Use the values in Table 6.2 to...Ch. 6 - Prob. 6.8P Ch. 6 - aWhich Keq corresponds to a negative value of G,...Ch. 6 - Given each of the following values, is the...

Solution Summary: The author explains the formation of carbocation, carbanion and free radical due to the heterolysis process. Resonance hybrid is the intermediate form of all resonating structures.

Concept explainers

Want to see the full answer?

Chapter 6 Solutions