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Antibiotics such as tetracycline, streptomycin, and bacitracin are small organic molecules that are synthesized by particular species of bacteria. Microbiologists have hypothesized that the reason why certain bacteria make antibiotics is to kill other species that occupy the same environment. Bacteria that produce an antibiotic may be able to kill competing species. This provides more
A. What form of genetic transfer (i.e., conjugation, transduction, or transformation) is the most likely mechanism of interspecies gene transfer?
B. Because S. aureofaciens is a nonpathogenic soil bacterium and E. coli is an enteric bacterium, do you think the genetic transfer was direct, or do you think it may have occurred in multiple steps (i.e., from S. aureofaciens to other bacterial species and then to E. coli)?
C. How could the widespread use of antibiotics to treat diseases have contributed to the proliferation of many bacterial species that are resistant to antibiotics?
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Genetics: Analysis and Principles
- In Experiment I, you established that beneficial mutations are rare. In Experiment II, you showed that the environment does not affect the probability of a beneficial mutation occurring. Knowing this, why then are mutations responsible for antibiotic resistance in bacteria so common?arrow_forwardWhen a bacteriophage accidentally incorporates a fragment of host DNA in its capsid and delivers it to another (living) bacterial cell, the process is called _____. transformation transduction conjugation speciationarrow_forwardThe graphs show a spectrum of antibiotic-resistant organisms, from 1 to 11, where 1 is the least-resistant and 11 is the most resistant. Notice that before the population replicates (graph on the left), there are no bacteria with resistance 2 or 3, OR 11. But after the population replicates, there are some bacteria with these resistance levels, indicated by the yellow arrows. Which of the following explains the origin of the bacteria pointed at by the yellow arrows? A mutations that happen when the cells in the population replicate their DNA and divide in two B some bacteria just shift one way or the other. C bacteria learn how to become more resistantarrow_forward
- The Kishony performed a simple but elegant experiment using a “mega-plate.” Which of the following is a fair conclusion that can be drawn from this study? The majority of antibiotic resistance occurs via horizontal gene transfer (HGT) between Actinobacteria Sensitive bacteria may acquire resistance to high concentrations of the antibiotic through many mutations Bacteria will gradually lose resistance to an antibiotic if you plate them on a large enough plate Bacteria will migrate via chemotaxis away from recombinant phage used in phage therapyarrow_forwardConsidering the proclivity of bacteria to share genetic information, discuss the concerns behind phenomena such as antibiotic resistance. In other words, why might it be a bad idea to not finish your antibiotic therapy as prescribed by your physician? Some people think that "saving some for later" is a good idea. Why might that not be the case?arrow_forwardFor instance, what would happen if ice-minus bacterial genes were transferred to strains of bacteria that are accustomed to living under cold conditions? ( Should genetically engineered microbes be released even in “controlled” experiments that might result in beneficial applications of biotechnology? How do you think the scientific field can prevent the escape of genetically altered microbes in field experiments?arrow_forward
- Briefly discuss the following questions in 3 to 5 sentences. What is horizontal gene transfer? What are the three mechanisms for this to occur in bacteria? What are the components needed for the processes of transformation, conjugation, and transduction? How does each process occur? What genes are involved in each process? How do generalized and specialized transduction differ? What is the end result of each? What is recombination? What is the importance to bacteria & archaea? What are the two types of recombination? What are the details of each type? What components are needed for each type?arrow_forwardBacteria have an enormous ability to adapt to new conditions. Which two of the following are they main factors behind this phenomenon? New mutations occur continuously with very high frequency in the genome of bacteria Bacteria generally have small genomes Bacteria have a short generation time The rate of DNA synthesis is very high in bacteria Presence of a selection pressure.arrow_forwardEngineered bacteria are commonly used and cultured in pharmaceutical laboratories to produced drugs like insulin. However, during one instance, with the desire to increase the rate of insulin production, one scientist tried to modify the process and put another substance (chemical x) in the growth medium which is chemically almost the same to the substance (chemical x’) normally put in the medium. After which, the scientist found out that the amount of insulin produced in the medium decreases as compared to the normal production. Again, within the context of our discussion, explain the possible reason for the observed result.arrow_forward
- Give typing answer with explanation and conclusion to all parts Which of the following factors contributes to the rise of antibiotic resistance? SELECT ALL THAT APPLY intron removal spontaneous mutations selective pressure induced mutations horizontal gene transferarrow_forwardfind an example of a set of genes that have been horizontally gene transferred between bacteria or archaea. Which organisms are the genes transferred between? Explain the set of genes that were transferred. Include what they are for and what the advantage to sharing those genes are.What do the organisms use the genes for?Which organisms the transfer happened between?What might be the advantage be to share the genes with other organisms?arrow_forwarda bacteriophage has been isolated from the growth chambers that has evolved the capability to the methylate its own DNA when it is replicated inside the host bacterium. why is this a problem?arrow_forward
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