Concept explainers
Stating the Null and Alternative Hypotheses In Exercises 25–30, write the claim as a mathematical statement. State the null and alternative hypotheses, and identify which represents the claim.
25. Tablets A tablet manufacturer claims that the
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- Testing Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 7β22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Clinical Trials of OxyContin OxyContin (oxycodone) is a drug used to treat pain, but it is well known for its addictiveness and danger. In a clinical trial, among subjects treated with OxyContin, 52 developed nausea and 175 did not develop nausea. Among other subjects given placebos, 5 developed nausea and 40 did not develop nausea (based on data from Purdue Pharma L.P.). Use a 0.05 significance level to test for a difference between the rates of nausea for those treated with OxyContin and those given a placebo. a. Use a hypothesis test. b. Use an appropriate confidence interval. c. Does nausea appear to be an adverse reaction resulting from OxyContin?arrow_forwardTesting Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 7β22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Ground vs. Helicopter for Serious InjuriesΒ A study investigated rates of fatalities among patients with serious traumatic injuries. Among 61,909 patients transported by helicopter, 7813 died. Among 161,566 patients transported by ground services, 17,775 died (based on data from βAssociation Between Helicopter vs Ground Emergency Medical Services and Survival for Adults With Major Trauma,β by Galvagno et al., Journal of the American Medical Association , Vol. 307, No. 15). Use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the rate of fatalities is higher for patients transported by helicopter. a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test. b. Test the claim by constructing an appropriateβ¦arrow_forwardTesting Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 7β22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. Dreaming in Black and White A study was conducted to determine the proportion of people who dream in black and white instead of color. Among 306 people over the age of 55, 68 dream in black and white, and among 298 people under the age of 25, 13 dream in black and white (based on data from βDo We Dream in Color?β by Eva Murzyn, Consciousness and Cognition , Vol. 17, No. 4). We want to use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the proportion of people over 55 who dream in black and white is greater than the proportion of those under 25. a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test. b. Test the claim by constructing an appropriate confidence interval. c. c. An explanation given for theβ¦arrow_forward
- Testing Claims About Proportions.Β In Exercises 7β22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim.Β Smoking Cessation Programs Among 198 smokers who underwent a βsustained careβ program, 51 were no longer smoking after six months. Among 199 smokers who underwent a βstandard careβ program, 30 were no longer smoking after six months (based on data from βSustained Care Intervention and Postdischarge Smoking Cessation Among Hospitalized Adults,β by Rigotti et al., Journal of the American Medical Association, Vol. 312, No. 7). We want to use a 0.01 significance level to test the claim that the rate of success for smoking cessation is greater with the sustained care program. a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test. b. Test the claim by constructing an appropriate confidence interval. c. Does theβ¦arrow_forwardTesting Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 7β22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim.Β Does Aspirin Prevent Heart Disease? In a trial designed to test the effectiveness of aspirin in preventing heart disease, 11,037 male physicians were treated with aspirin and 11,034 male physicians were given placebos. Among the subjects in the aspirin treatment group, 139 experienced myocardial infarctions (heart attacks). Among the subjects given placebos, 239 experienced myocardial infarctions (based on data from βFinal Report on the Aspirin Component of the Ongoing Physiciansβ Health Study,β New England Journal of Medicine , Vol. 321: 129β135). Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that aspirin has no effect on myocardial infarctions. a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test. b.β¦arrow_forwardTesting Hypotheses. In Exercises 13β24, assume that a simple random sample has been selected and test the given claim. Unless specified by your instructor, use either the P-value method or the critical value method for testing hypotheses. Identify the null and alternative hypotheses, test statistic, P-value (or range of P-values), or critical value(s), and state the final conclusion that addresses the original claim.Β Got a Minute? Students of the author estimated the length of one minute without reference to a watch or clock, and the times (seconds) are listed below. Use a 0.05 significance level to test the claim that these times are from a population with a mean equal to 60 seconds. Does it appear that students are reasonably good at estimating one minute?arrow_forward
- Testing Claims About Proportions. In Exercises 7β22, test the given claim. Identify the null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, test statistic, P-value or critical value(s), then state the conclusion about the null hypothesis, as well as the final conclusion that addresses the original claim. License Plate Laws The Chapter Problem involved passenger cars in Connecticut and passenger cars in New York, but here we consider passenger cars and commercial trucks. Among 2049 Connecticut passenger cars, 239 had only rear license plates. Among 334 Connecticut trucks, 45 had only rear license plates (based on samples collected by the author). A reasonable hypothesis is that passenger car owners violate license plate laws at a higher rate than owners of commercial trucks. Use a 0.05 significance level to test that hypothesis. a. Test the claim using a hypothesis test. b. Test the claim by constructing an appropriate confidence interval.arrow_forwardFormulating hypothesis:formulate a null and alternative hypothesis.2.a college librarian claims that 20 story books on the average are borrowed daily. 4.the weekly allowance of a regular student does not exceed to Php 500.arrow_forwardUsing an example, describe the steps required to carry out a hypothesis test.arrow_forward
- Determining Sample Size. In Exercises 31β38, use the given data to find the minimum sample size required to estimate a population proportion or percentage. Chickenpox You plan to conduct a survey to estimate the percentage of adults who have had chickenpox. Find the number of people who must be surveyed if you want to be 90% confident that the sample percentage is within two percentage points of the true percentage for the population of all adults. a. Assume that nothing is known about the prevalence of chickenpox. b. Assume that about 95% of adults have had chickenpox. c. Does the added knowledge in part (b) have much of an effect on the sample size?arrow_forwardNull hypothesis and research hypothesis: Do teens use cell phones to access the internet more than adults?arrow_forwardTrying to figure out conclusion regarding hypothesisarrow_forward
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