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Specific heat capacity of ice
Specific heat capacity of water
Specific heat capacity of steam
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Chemical Principles
- How is the sign of q, heat, defined? How does it relate to the total energy of the system?arrow_forwardIt takes 2260 J to vaporize a gram of liquid water to steam at its normal boiling point of 100C. What is H for this process?What is the work, given that the water vaporexpands against a pressure of 0.988atm? What is U for thisprocess?arrow_forwardCoal is used as a fuel in some electric-generating plants. Coal is a complex material, but for simplicity we may consider it to be a form of carbon. The energy that can be derived from a fuel is sometimes compared with the enthalpy of the combustion reaction: C(s)+O2(g)CO2(g) Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction at 25C. Actually, only a fraction of the heat from this reaction is available to produce electric energy. In electric generating plants, this reaction is used to generate heat for a steam engine, which turns the generator. Basically the steam engine is a type of heat engine in which steam enters the engine at high temperature (Th), work is done, and the steam then exits at a lower temperature (Tl). The maximum fraction, f, of heat available to produce useful energy depends on the difference between these temperatures (expressed in kelvins), f = (Th Tl)/Th. What is the maximum heat energy available for useful work from the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g)? (Assume the value of H calculated at 25C for the heat obtained in the generator.) It is possible to consider more efficient ways to obtain useful energy from a fuel. For example, methane can be burned in a fuel cell to generate electricity directly. The maximum useful energy obtained in these cases is the maximum work, which equals the free-energy change. Calculate the standard free-energy change for the combustion of 1.00 mol of C(s) to CO2(g). Compare this value with the maximum obtained with the heat engine described here.arrow_forward
- When 1.000 g of ethylene glycol, C2H6O2, is burned at 25C and 1.00 atmosphere pressure, H2O(l) and CO2(g) are formed with the evolution of 19.18 kJ of heat. a Calculate the molar enthalpy of formation of ethylene glycol. (It will be necessary to use data from Appendix C.) b Gf of ethylene glycol is 322.5 kJ/mol. What is G for the combustion of 1 mol ethylene glycol? c What is S for the combustion of 1 mol ethylene glycol?arrow_forwardThe statement Energycan beneithercreatednor destroyedis sometimes used as an equivalent statement of the first law of thermodynamics. There areinaccuracies to the statement, however. Restate it tomake it less inaccurate.arrow_forwardAn ideal gas expands isothermally (at constant temperature). The internal energy of an ideal gas remains constant during an isothermal change. If q is 76 J, what are U and w?arrow_forward
- When a gas expands, what is the sign of w? Why? When a gas contracts, what is the sign of w? Why? What are the signs of q and w for the process of boiling water?arrow_forward9.54 The phase change between graphite and diamond is difficult to observe directly. Both substances can be hurned, however. From these equations, calculate H for the conversion of diamond into graphite. C(s,graphite)+O2(g)CO2(g) H= -393.51 kJ C(s,diamond)+O2(g)CO2(g) H= -395.94 kJarrow_forwardWhen 1.0 g of fructose, C6H12O6(s), a sugar commonly found in fruits, is burned in oxygen in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature of the calorimeter increases by 1.58 C. If the heat capacity of the calorimeter and its contents is 9.90 kJ/C, what is q for this combustion?arrow_forward
- When a rocket is launched, the burning gases are the source of the motion. If the system is the rocket (including fuel), what is the sign of the work?arrow_forwardWould the amount of heat absorbed by the dissolution in Example 5.6 appear greater, lesser, or remain the same if the heat capacity of the calorimeter were taken into account? Explain your answer.arrow_forward
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